The Vampire Diaries The Struggle Chapter Six Free Essays

Stefan sat in the Gilbert living room, agreeing politely with whatever it was Aunt Judith was saying. The older woman was uncomfortable having him here; you didn’t need to be a mind reader to know that. But she was trying, and so Stefan was trying, too. We will write a custom essay sample on The Vampire Diaries: The Struggle Chapter Six or any similar topic only for you Order Now He wanted Elena to be happy. Elena. Even when he wasn’t looking at her, he was aware of her more than of anything else in the room. Her living presence beat against his skin like sunlight against closed eyelids. When he actually let himself turn to face her, it was a sweet shock to all his senses. He loved her so much. He never saw her as Katherine any more; he had almost forgotten how much she looked like the dead girl. In any case, there were so many differences. Elena had the same pale gold hair and creamy skin, the same delicate features as Katherine, but there the resemblance ended. Her eyes, looking violet in the firelight just now but normally a blue as dark as lapis lazuli, were neither timid nor childlike as Katherine’s had been. On the contrary, they were windows to her soul, which shone like an eager flame behind them. Elena was Elena, and her image had replaced Katherine’s gentle ghost in his heart. But her very strength made their love dangerous. He hadn’t been able to resist her last week when she’d offered him her blood. Granted, he might have died without it, but it had been far too soon for Elena’s own safety. For the hundredth time, his eyes moved over Elena’s face, searching for the telltale signs of change. Was that creamy skin a little paler? Was her expression slightly more remote? They would have to be careful from now on. He would have to be more careful. Make sure to feed often, satisfy himself with animals, so he wouldn’t be tempted. Never let the need get too strong. Now that he thought of it, he was hungry right now. The dry ache, the burning, was spreading along his upper jaw, whispering through his veins and capillaries. He should be out in the woods – senses alert to catch the slightest crackle of dry twigs, muscles ready for the chase – not here by a fire watching the tracery of pale blue veins in Elena’s throat. That slim throat turned as Elena looked at him. â€Å"Do you want to go to that party tonight? We can take Aunt Judith’s car,† she said. â€Å"But you ought to stay for dinner first,† said Aunt Judith quickly. â€Å"We can pick up something on the way.† Elena meant they could pick up something for her, Stefan thought. He himself could chew and swallow ordinary food if he had to, though it did him no good, and he had long since lost any taste for it. No, his†¦ appetites†¦ were more particular now, he thought. And if they went to this party, it would mean hours more before he could feed. But he nodded agreement to Elena. â€Å"If you want to,† he said. She did want to; she was set on it. He’d seen that from the beginning. â€Å"All right then, I’d better change.† She glanced through the doorway, to the empty living room, and said, â€Å"It’s all right. They’re almost healed already. See?† She tugged her lacy collar down, twisting her head to one side. Stefan stared, mesmerized, at the two round marks on the fine-grained skin. They were a very light, translucent burgundy color, like much-watered wine. He set his teeth and forced his eyes away. Looking much longer at that would drive him crazy. â€Å"That wasn’t what I meant,† he said brusquely. The shining veil of her hair fell over the marks again, hiding them. â€Å"Oh.† â€Å"Come in!† As they did, walking into the room, conversations stopped. Elena looked at the faces turned toward them, at the curious, furtive eyes and the wary expressions. Not the kind of looks she was used to getting when she made an entrance. It was another student who’d opened the door for them; Alaric Saltzman was nowhere in sight. But Caroline was, seated on a bar stool, which showed off her legs to their best advantage. She gave Elena a mocking look and then made some remark to a boy on her right. He laughed. Elena could feel her smile start to go painful, while a flush crept up toward her face. Then a familiar voice came to her. â€Å"Elena, Stefan! Over here.† Gratefully, she spotted Bonnie sitting with Meredith and Ed Goff on a loveseat in the corner. She and Stefan settled on a large ottoman opposite them, and she heard conversations start to pick up again around the room. By tacit agreement, no one mentioned the awkwardness of Elena and Stefan’s arrival. Elena was determined to pretend that everything was as usual. And Bonnie and Meredith were backing her. â€Å"You look great,† said Bonnie warmly. â€Å"I just love that red sweater.† â€Å"She does look nice. Doesn’t she, Ed?† said Meredith, and Ed, looking vaguely startled, agreed. â€Å"So your class was invited to this, too,† Elena said to Meredith. â€Å"I thought maybe it was just seventh period.† â€Å"I don’t know ifinvited is the word.† replied Meredith dryly. â€Å"Considering that participation is half our grade.† â€Å"Do you think he was serious about that? He couldn’t be serious,† put in Ed. â€Å"Ray? Oh, Ray. I don’t know, around somewhere, I suppose. There’s a lot of people here.† That was true. The Ramsey living room was packed, and from what Elena could see the crowd flowed into the dining room, the front parlor, and probably the kitchen as well. Elbows kept brushing Elena’s hair as people circulated behind her. â€Å"What did Saltzman want with you after class?† Stefan was saying. â€Å"Alaric,† Bonnie corrected primly. â€Å"He wants us to call him Alaric. Oh, he was just being nice. He felt awful for making me relive such an agonizing experience. He didn’t know exactly how Mr. Tanner died, and he hadn’t realized I was so sensitive. Of course, he’s incredibly sensitive himself, so he understands what it’s like. He’s an Aquarius.† â€Å"With a moon rising in pickup lines,† said Meredith under her breath. â€Å"Bonnie you don’t believe that garbage, do you? He’s a teacher; he shouldn’t be trying that out on students.† â€Å"He wasn’t trying anything out! He said exactly the same thing to Tyler and Sue Carson. He said we should form a support group for each other or write an essay about that night to get our feelings out. He said teenagers are all very impressionable and he didn’t want the tragedy to have a lasting impact on our lives.† â€Å"Oh, brother,† said Ed, and Stefan turned a laugh into a cough. He wasn’t amused, though, and his question to Bonnie hadn’t been just idle curiosity. Elena could tell; she could feel it radiating from him. Stefan felt about Alaric Saltzman the way that most of the people in this room felt about Stefan. Wary and mistrustful. â€Å"Itwas strange, him acting as if the party was a spontaneous idea in our class,† she said, responding unconsciously to Stefan’s unspoken words, â€Å"when obviously it had been planned.† â€Å"What’s even stranger is the idea that the school would hire a teacher without telling him how the previous teacher died,† said Stefan. â€Å"Everyone was talking about it; it must have been in the papers.† â€Å"But not all the details,† said Bonnie firmly. â€Å"In fact, there are things the police still haven’t let out, because they think it might help them catch the killer. For instance,† she dropped her voice, â€Å"do you know what Mary said? Dr. Feinberg was talking to the guy who did the autopsy, the medical examiner. And he said that there was no blood left in the body at all. Not a drop.† Elena felt an icy wind blow through her, as if she stood once again in the graveyard. She couldn’t speak. But Ed said, â€Å"Where’d it go?† â€Å"Well, all over the floor, I suppose,† said Bonnie calmly. â€Å"All over the altar and everything. That’s what the police are investigating now. But it’s unusual for a corpse not to haveany blood left; usually there’s some that settles down on the underside of the body. Postmortem lividity, it’s called. It looks like big purple bruises. What’s wrong?† â€Å"Your incredible sensitivity has me ready to throw up,† said Meredith in a strangled voice. â€Å"Could we possibly talk about something else?† â€Å"You weren’t the one with blood all over you,† Bonnie began, but Stefan interrupted her. â€Å"I don’t know,† said Bonnie, and then she brightened. â€Å"That’s right, Elena, you said you knew – â€Å" â€Å"Shut up, Bonnie,† said Elena desperately. If there ever were a placenot to discuss this, it was in a crowded room surrounded by people who hated Stefan. Bonnie’s eyes widened, and then she nodded, subsiding. Elena could not relax, though. Stefan hadn’t killed Mr. Tanner, and yet the same evidence that would lead to Damon could as easily lead to him. Andwould lead to him, because no one but she and Stefan knew of Damon’s existence. He was out there, somewhere, in the shadows. Waiting for his next victim. Maybe waiting for Stefan – or for her. â€Å"I’m hot,† she said abruptly. â€Å"I think I’ll go see what kinds of refreshmentsAlaric has provided.† Stefan started to rise, but Elena waved him back down. He wouldn’t have any use for potato chips and punch. And she wanted to be alone for a few minutes, to be moving instead of sitting, to calm herself. Being with Meredith and Bonnie had given her a false sense of security. Leaving them, she was once again confronted by sidelong glances and suddenly turned backs. This time it made her angry. She moved through the crowd with deliberate insolence, holding any eye she accidentally caught. I’m already notorious, she thought. I might as well be brazen, too. She was hungry. In the Ramsey dining room someone had set up an assortment of finger foods that looked surprisingly good. Elena took a paper plate and dropped a few carrot sticks on it, ignoring the people around the bleached oak table. She wasn’t going to speak to them unless they spoke first. She gave her full attention to the refreshments, leaning past people to select cheese wedges and Ritz crackers, reaching in front of them to pluck grapes, ostentatiously looking up and down the whole array to see if there was anything she’d missed. She’d succeeded in riveting everyone’s attention, something she knew without raising her eyes. She bit delicately down on a bread stick, holding it between her teeth like a pencil, and turned from the table. â€Å"Mind if I have a bite?† Shock snapped her eyes wide open and froze her breath. Her mind jammed, refusing to acknowledge what was going on, and leaving her helpless, vulnerable, in the face of it. But though rational thought had disappeared, her senses went right on recording mercilessly: dark eyes dominating her field of vision, a whiff of some kind of cologne in her nostrils, two long fingers tilting her chin up. Damon leaned in, and, neatly and precisely, bit off the other end of the bread stick. In that moment, their lips were only inches apart. He was leaning in for a second bite before Elena’s wits revived enough to throw her backward, her hand grabbing the bit of crisp bread and tossing it away. He caught it in midair, a virtuoso display of reflex. His eyes were still on hers. Elena got in a breath at last and opened her mouth; she wasn’t sure what for. To scream, probably. To warn all these people to run out into the night. Her heart was pounding like a triphammer, her vision blurred. What are you doing here? she thought. The scene around her seemed eerily bright and unnatural. It was like one of those nightmares when everything is ordinary, just like waking life, and then suddenly something grotesque happens. He was going to kill them all. â€Å"Elena? Are you okay?† Sue Carson was talking to her, gripping her shoulder. â€Å"I think she choked on something,† Damon said, releasing Elena’s wrist. â€Å"But she’s all right now. Why don’t you introduce us?† He was going to kill them all†¦ â€Å"Elena, this is Damon, um†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Sue spread an apologetic hand, and Damon finished for her. â€Å"Smith.† He lifted a paper cup toward Elena. â€Å"La vita.† â€Å"What are you doing here?† she whispered. â€Å"He’s a college student,† Sue volunteered, when it became apparent that Damon wasn’t going to answer. â€Å"From – University of Virginia, was it? William and Mary?† â€Å"Among other places,† Damon said, still looking at Elena. He hadn’t glanced at Sue once. â€Å"I like to travel.† The world had snapped into place again around Elena, but it was a chilling world. There were people on every side, watching this exchange with fascination, keeping her from speaking freely. But they were also keeping her safe. For whatever reason, Damon was playing a game, pretending to be one of them. And while the masquerade went on, he wouldn’t do anything to her in front of a crowd†¦ she hoped. A game. But he was making up the rules. He was standing here in the Ramseys’ dining room playing with her. â€Å"He’s just down for a few days,† Sue was continuing helpfully. â€Å"Visiting – friends, did you say? Or relatives?† â€Å"Yes,† said Damon. â€Å"You’re lucky to be able to take off whenever you want,† Elena said. She didn’t know what was possessing her, to make her try and unmask him. â€Å"Luck has very little to do with it,† said Damon. â€Å"Do you like dancing?† â€Å"What’s your major?† He smiled at her. â€Å"American folklore. Did you know, for instance, that a mole on the neck means you’ll be wealthy? Do you mind if I check?† â€Å"I mind.† The voice came from behind Elena. It was clear and cold and quiet. Elena had heard Stefan â€Å"But do you matter?† he said. The two of them faced each other under the faintly flickering yellow light of the brass chandelier. Elena was aware of layers of her own thoughts, like a parfait. Everyone’s staring; this must be better than the movies†¦ I didn’t realize Stefan was taller†¦ There’s Bonnie and Meredith wondering what’s going on†¦ Stefan’s angry but he’s still weak, still hurting†¦ If he goes for Damon now, he’ll lose†¦ And in front of all these people. Her thoughts came to a clattering halt as everything fell into place. That was what Damon was here for, to make Stefan attack him, apparently unprovoked. No matter what happened after that, he won. If Stefan drove him away, it would just be more proof of Stefan’s â€Å"tendency toward violence.† More evidence for Stefan’s accusers. And if Stefan lost the fight†¦ It would mean his life, thought Elena. Oh, Stefan, he’s so much stronger right now; please don’t do it. Don’t play into his hands. Hewants to kill you; he’s just looking for a chance. She made her limbs move, though they were stiff and awkward as a marionette’s. â€Å"Stefan,† she said, taking his cold hand in hers, â€Å"let’s go home.† She could feel the tension in his body, like an electric current running underneath his skin. At this moment, he was completely focused on Damon, and the light in his eyes was like fire reflecting off a dagger blade. She didn’t recognize him in this mood, didn’t know him. He frightened her. â€Å"Stefan,† she said, calling to him as if she were lost in fog and couldn’t find him. â€Å"Stefan,please. â€Å" And slowly, slowly, she felt him respond. She heard him breathe and felt his body go off alert, clicking down to some lower energy level. The deadly concentration of his mind was diverted and he looked at her, and saw her. â€Å"All right,† he said softly, looking into her eyes. â€Å"Let’s go.† She kept her hands on him as they turned away, one clasping his hand, the other tucked inside his arm. By sheer force of will, she managed not to look over her shoulder as they walked away, but the skin on her back tingled and crawled as if expecting the stab of a knife. Instead, she heard Damon’s low ironical voice: â€Å"And have you heard that kissing a red-haired girl cures fever blisters?† And then Bonnie’s outrageous, flattered laughter. On the way out, they finally ran into their host. â€Å"Leaving so soon?† Alaric said. â€Å"But I haven’t even had a chance to talk to you yet.† He looked both eager and reproachful, like a dog that knows perfectly well it’s not going to be taken on a walk but wags anyway. Elena felt worry blossom in her stomach for him and everyone else in the house. She and Stefan were leaving them to Damon. Right now she had enough to do getting Stefan out of here before he changed his mind. â€Å"I’m not feeling very well,† she said as she picked up her purse where it lay by the ottoman. â€Å"Sorry.† She increased the pressure on Stefan’s arm. It would take very little to get him to turn back and head for the dining room right now. â€Å"I’m sorry,† said Alaric. â€Å"Good-bye.† They were on the threshold before she saw the little slip of violet paper stuck into the side pocket of her purse. She pulled it out and unfolded it almost by reflex, her mind on other things. There was writing on it, plain and bold and unfamiliar. Just three lines. She read them and felt the world rock. This was too much; she couldn’t deal with anything more. â€Å"What is it?† said Stefan. â€Å"Nothing.† She thrust the bit of paper back into the side pocket, pushing it down with her fingers. â€Å"It’s nothing, Stefan. Let’s get outside.† They stepped out into driving needles of rain. How to cite The Vampire Diaries: The Struggle Chapter Six, Essay examples

Mental Health Case Scenario

Question: Discuss about theMental Health Case Scenario. Answer: Introduction Mental disorder is one of the most common illnesses that affect people in Australia. Mental illnesses cause socio-psychological changes that alter the behavior, emotion and moods of individuals suffering from mental illnesses. Nonetheless, mental illness can be addressed if measures are taken to examine the patient to ascertain the conditions before diagnosing and providing management and treatment interventions. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of mental illnesses in Australia. It alludes to a case scenario of a 24-year old Derby-based Fred Robinson to analyze the applications of Mental Health Act 2014 in the assessment, management, and treatment of serious mental illnesses. Presenting Information Fred has a serious mental problem that requires an attentive care at the Approved Hospital. A medical examination carried on him revealed that he has psychological and social challenges that require redress. In the first place, the patient is so violent. He demonstrated his aggression when he refused to be interrogated by the police officers and went ahead to shout at them and attempted to punch them (Bradley, Townsend Eburn, 2015). This is a clear proof that Fred is so violent and can be dangerous to the health care providers, carers and himself. When it comes to social challenges, Fred has been observed to be detached from the rest of the society. Apart from hearing imaginary voices, Fred has been displaying a series of antisocial behaviors such as isolation, over-activity, restlessness, and muttering at himself. These are serious issues that need an attention of a psychiatrist because if left unchecked, can be so disastrous to Freds life and that of others around him (Kidd, Kenny McKinstry, 2015). Psychiatric intervention is necessary because it will help the patient to manage his condition and regain his normal mental health. Fred therefore deserved an individualized patient-centered quality psychiatric care because it will not help him, but guarantee the safety of other people that might be victimized by his mental illness. Mental Health Act The Mental Health Act which was enacted in the year 2014 is a legislation that reformed mental health in Australia by acknowledging the contribution of the mentally-ill patients and putting them at the center of the care, recovery and treatment process. As a patient diagnosed with a mental illness, Fred deserves a quality mental health care. To do so, the healthcare providers are mandated to apply the principles of the Mental Health Act 2014 (Curry, 2016). There are several clauses of the act that suit Freds conditions. These are discussed herein: As clearly stipulated in the Mental Health Act 2014, a patient with mental illness should be involved in the decision-making process. The law requires that the practitioner should not engage in any form of treatment, procedure or interventions without seeking the opinion of the patient. A mentally-ill patient, just like any other patient has a right to be notified of their medical conditions and be actively involved in the making decisions regarding the medical interventions to undergo (Palmer, Chondros, Piper, Callander, Weavell, Godbee Furler, 2015). This legislation is relevant in Freds case. The practitioners should not make any decision without seeking for his opinion. His consent or that of his carers should be gotten by the health care providers. The other clause that applies in Freds case is the one that advocates for the need of delivering quality care for the best interest of the patient. When this legislation is applied, the practitioners should do everything within their capacity to help the patient to improve his conditions so as to eventually regain a full recovery (Harvey, 2015). Therefore, the practitioners should adopt the best alternative when handling the patient. For example, even if it might be necessary to restrain him, minimal force should be used to do so. Moreover, Freds care should be guided by the clause which emphasizes the need of examining the patient at an authorized hospital. The referral of Freds case to the authorized hospital was done as per the law. The police officers were right to take Fred to the facility to be given the necessary medical care. So, health care providers at the authorized hospital should not hesitate to receive Fred and accord him the necessary mental care services (Mechanic Olfson, 2016). Lastly, the practitioners should apply a clause that advocates for the respect of individual rights. Although Fred is in a poor state of mental health, no one should take advantage of his condition to infringe on his rights. Apart from dully informing him on all the proposed treatments to be given to him, the patient should be given a quality care that can ensure his safety at all times. Mental State Examination The Mental State Examination (MSE) refers to an organized way of carrying out an observation, examination and documentation of the behaviors, thoughts and motions of an individual. MSE is a very important tool in the field of psychiatry. It can play a very significant role in guiding the mental health professionals in examining the patients with mental illness. As a mentally-ill patient, Fred requires to have a MSE performed for him (Burckhardt, Manicavasagar, Batterham Hadzi-Pavlovic, 2016). To do so, the practitioner needs to use a combination of indirect and direct techniques to gather enough information on the patients social and biographical data based on direct observations made on psychological tests as well as his symptoms. Freds MSE As already hinted, the use of MSE cannot be ruled out when serving Fred because it will play an integral role in determining the severity of his mental conditions. His MSE should therefore be captured in a standard format as outlined below: Appearance 24 year old man Residence of Derby, Kimberley Region, Western Australia Not neat, has a sign of self-neglect because he s dirty, Wrong attire because he wears only one shoe, boardshots, beany and jumper has displayed stereotype as an abnormal involuntary conduct Behavior Patient shows inappropriate behavior He does not maintain eye contact with the health care providers He is uncooperative and rebellious Has a bad rapport with others He has a high level of distraction He is restless He is violent and wants to attack other people around him Speech Low volume of speech Pressured speech Patient gives inappropriate responses to questions He is muttering to himself The patient gives illogical answers Mood The patient is so emotional The patient has a bad mood than he used to be before The patient seems to be anxious Perception The patient reported having experiences delusion and hallucinations He was directed by imaginary voices to commit suicide at the bridge Thought Form and Content The patient has no linearity of thought Patient has abnormal beliefs The patient is obsessed with anger (Curry, 2016). The patient is likely to harm himself and others around him Cognition The patent has low levels of attention The patient has a low level of comprehension of ideas Insight The patient is not aware that the changes in his behaviors, thoughts and feelings are as a result of mental illness (Curry, 2016). The patient is not cooperative and is not ready to be treated MSE is essential for Fred because it can help the service providers to acquire reliable information on his behavior, perception, speech, mood, mind, attitude, appearance, judgment, affect, insight, and thought process. This information, if added to the available historical and biographical data from the patients psychiatric history, can enable the practitioner to organize for a coherent treatment for Fred. Therefore, before providing any form of treatment to the patient, the practitioner should allocate enough time for MSE (Rosenbaum, Tiedemann, Stanton, Parker, Waterreus, Curtis Ward, 2015). The examination is crucial because without it, the practitioner cannot get information to rely on while making a choice on the right kind of intervention to give to the patient. It should also be noted that the patient can be diagnosed based on the results of the MSE or through a performance of an appropriate diagnosis test on the patient. Risk Assessment Potential Risks From the results of his MSE, Fred has a serious mental problem. This means that he deserves to be admitted at the authorized hospital because it is the most suitable facility in which he will get the necessary mental health care (Bartlem, Bowman, Bailey, Freund, Wye, Lecathelinais Wiggers, 2015). However, his admission at the facility will not be a walk in the park because of the myriad of challenges faced as a result of the presence of the patient at the hospital. In other words, Fred is a potential risk because he will pose the following challenges to his health care providers: Violence: A keener look at the MSE reveals that Fred is an aggressive patient who cannot be easily handled by the health care providers. The way in which he treated the police officers who handed him to the facility shows that he is too violent and cause bodily harm to anyone around him. If he almost punched a scary police officer, what would he do to his unarmed health care providers? Unless due care if taken to restrain him, Fred can attack and injure anyone he comes across (Kidd, Kenny McKinstry, 2015). Anger: After the assessment, it was observed that Fred is hot tempered. As a result of his mental illness, Fred has become emotional and gets annoyed so fast. Meaning, he can be easily irritated and be forced to revenge on anyone whom he feels is responsible for his anger (Ogloff, Talevski, Lemphers, Wood Simmons, 2015). It is not an easy task to handle such an emotional patient because one never knows the potential dangers waiting. This is also an important risk that should be considered when handling the patient. Defiance: Another risk associated with Fred is that he is a defiant patient who does not heed advice and cannot follow medication instructions given to him. Meaning, he can not comply with the directions given by the health care providers. This is quite unfortunate because it will make it difficult for the health care providers to effectively serve him as they ought to. Management Plan Since Fred a potential risk at the facility, its employees and himself, it is incumbent upon the service providers to come up with appropriate management plan for him. This paper thus recommends the following management strategies for Fred: De-escalation: This is a management strategy in which one makes a good use f verbal and non-verbal communication to handle a patient. Here, one uses a polite language that can personally appeal to the patient to consider cooperating (Brayley, Alston Rogers, 2015). De-escalation is suitable for dealing with the problem of anger. It does not fuel anger, but prepares the patent to cool down as required. Restraint: Here, measures are taken to deliberately immobilize the patient and prevent him from getting access to other patients, health care providers or his carers who might be harmed by him. While it is important to note that restart strategy is recommend for violent patients, it should be acknowledged that it can be done manually or mechanically using equipments like restraining belts or hand cuffs (Kidd, Kenny McKinstry, 2015). Pro re Nata (p.r.n.): This refers to the use of medications. Medications can be suggested for Fred because they can help in facilitating the redress of his violent acts. Therefore, to do so, the health care provide should choose the most appropriate medicine to use for him. Conclusion Indeed, the Mental Health Act 2014 is a noble legislation that does a good job in promoting the delivery of quality mental health care services to all Australians. Since its enactment, the legislation has been playing a significant role in advocating for the rights of the patients with mental illness. For a mentally-ill patient like Fred, the act can be a relief because it helps in laying out a clear framework on how he should be treated. When he was referred to the authorized hospital, Fred was given an opportunity to get mental care regardless of how violent he was. This is a clear proof that a properly conducted MSE is key to a proper identification of the patients conditions and management and treatment interventions for a patient with mental illness. References Bartlem, K. M., Bowman, J. A., Bailey, J. M., Freund, M., Wye, P. M., Lecathelinais, C., ... Wiggers, J. H. (2015). Chronic disease health risk behaviours amongst people with a mentalillness. Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 0004867415569798. Bradley, E. J., Townsend, R., Eburn, M. (2015). Paramedics and ACT mental healthlegislation. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine, 12(4). Brayley, J., Alston, A., Rogers, K. (2015). Legal criteria for involuntary mental healthadmission: clinician performance in recording grounds for decision. The Medical journalof Australia, 203(8), 334-334. Burckhardt, R., Manicavasagar, V., Batterham, P. J., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. (2016). Arandomized controlled trial of strong minds: a school-based mental health programcombining acceptance and commitment therapy and positive psychology. Journal ofschool psychology, 57, 41-52. Curry, P. (2016). The mental health act 2014 and the right to refuse psychiatric treatment. Brief,43(5), 8. Harvey, I. (2015). A person-centred approach to mental health care in NSW. LSJ: Law Society ofNSW Journal, 2(9), 90. Kidd, S., Kenny, A., McKinstry, C. (2015). The meaning of recovery in a regional mentalhealth service: an action research study. Journal of advanced nursing, 71(1), 181-192. Kidd, S., Kenny, A., McKinstry, C. (2015). The meaning of recovery in a regional mentalhealth service: an action research study. Journal of advanced nursing, 71(1), 181-192. Mechanic, D., Olfson, M. (2016). The relevance of the Affordable Care Act for improving mental health care. Annual review of clinical psychology, 12, 515-542. Ogloff, J. R., Talevski, D., Lemphers, A., Wood, M., Simmons, M. (2015). Co-occurringmental illness, substance use disorders, and antisocial personality disorder among clientsof forensic mental health services. Psychiatric rehabilitation journal, 38(1), 16. Palmer, V. J., Chondros, P., Piper, D., Callander, R., Weavell, W., Godbee, K., ... Furler, J.(2015). The CORE study protocol: a stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trial totest a co-design technique to optimise psychosocial recovery outcomes for peopleaffected by mental illness in the community mental health setting. BMJ open, 5(3),e006688. Rosenbaum, S., Tiedemann, A., Stanton, R., Parker, A., Waterreus, A., Curtis, J., Ward, P. B. (2015). Implementing evidence-based physical activity interventions for people withmental illness: an Australian perspective. Australasian Psychiatry, 1039856215590252.

Flight By John Steinbeck Essays - American People Of German Descent

Flight by John Steinbeck In his classic short story, "Flight," John Steinbeck uses many examples of symbolism to foreshadow the conclusion. Symbolism can be anything, a person, place or thing, used to portray something beyond itself. It is used to represent or foreshadow the ending of the story. Steinbeck uses colors, direction, and nature symbolism to help presage Pep?'s tragic death. Let us now more closely examine the ways that Steinbeck uses colors to foreshadow the ending of his short story. Perhaps the most repeatedly used symbol in "Flight," is the color black. In literature many authors use black to represent death. There are numerous examples in this short story. Some of these include the black handle on the long blade, Pep?'s black hair and the black jerky. Another example may be found when Pep? puts on his fathers black coat, which represents death. When Pep? puts on the coat he is literally covering himself with death. Another fine example is the trail in which Pep? travels. Steinbeck describes the path as a well-worn black path. By traveling on this path he is in fact taking the road of death. Furthermore Pep?'s appearance also helps foreshadow the ending. Steinbeck describes him as having a black hat that covers his black thatched hair. Pep? is also described as being dark, lean and tall. Another example is Pep?'s shack. The shack is described as weathered and very old. It casts a rather large shadow to the North east. The darkness of the shadow symbolizes death in the home. As we can readily see, the authors use of black symbolism in the story tells us that the main character, Pep?, is impending death. Another commonly used symbol in the story "Flight," is direction. Direction is used to represent positive or negative effects. North and East are generally "good" directions. Many people feel this came about when the early man saw the sun rise in the East. On the contrary, the directions South and West are generally "bad" directions. Basically this is because the sun sets in the West. Besides compass directions, height is also a very popular way of foreshadowing the conclusion of the story. The direction up, which is also the way to heaven is generally "good," while down, the direction of hell, is considered to be "bad." An example of this form of symbolism can be found when Pep? is returning home. Pep? looks at his "weathered little shack" and notices the shadow. The shadow is heading in the direction North East. Even though the directions North and East are "good," the fact that the shadow is there turns them "bad." This means that evil is winning over goodness. So, whichever direc tion Pep? turns to he will fall into evil. Another fine example is when Pep? watches the sun set in the West. The sun, which is the bringer of all life is moving towards evil. That means it will be dark out and Pep?'s death is soon to come. Steinbeck further uses this symbolism while describing the tops of the trees on the mountain. The tops of the trees were wind-bitten and dead. This symbolizes that the further Pep? travels up the mountain the closer he is to his inevitable death. As shown above, direction is another very important aspect of symbolism. Direction is just another of the many ways John Steinbeck accomplishes his foreshadowing of the ending of his story. Let us now look further into symbolism by discovering yet another form of symbolism. Throughout the story Steinbeck emphasizes nature symbolism. Nature symbolism includes a variety of things. One very popular symbol is water. Because of the fact that we, as humans, require water in order to live, water represents life. An example of this in the story "Flight," would be Pep?'s water bag that he hung over his horse's shoulder. The water leaked onto the horse's shoulder. This meant Pep?'s life was actually leaking away. It just so happened that when the horse was shot it was in the same shoulder. The most obvious example of nature symbolism would be when Pep? is traveling up the mountain. When he first starts out he is traveling very close to the river. As he continues

The Crucible & Era Evaluation essays

The Crucible & Era Evaluation essays In 1953, a man by the name of Arthur Miller wrote a play not only as a historical allusion, but more specifically a piece based on criticism and comparison. The Crucible it was named. Miller, by implying the Salem witch trials was similar to that of the actions by Wisconsin senator Joseph McCarthy, created a critical work of art that, as a side effect, threw Miller in the McCarthy line-of-fire. It is important to note this wasnt a straight historical play and was never intended to be, although Miller did use historical figures and places. September 1662, the theocratic town of Salem experienced a very different way of life while certain members of the community were selected and prosecuted for accusations and suspicions. The indictment was the case of witchcraft. 19 men and women were brutally interrogated, possessions were seized, and everything was used against them in court. There was no way out. Confession meant a life of rejection by the town. Sticking to the truth and believing the Devil didnt affect actions of the citizens meant death by hanging at Gallows Hill. Among these killed, hundreds of others faced accusations of witchcraft and were immediately jailed without trial. The established court ruined many innocent people and destroyed their names simply because of a scare brought about by a deceitful Salem citizen. Jump ahead approximately 290 years to the 1950s. American senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin has gained recognition and power for his hate for communism in the country and realized the potential destruction of Americas capitalistic ideals. He stated he had suspicions of 205 card-carrying communists within the Country who have already infiltrated the state departments carrying out anti-American activities. Among the 205 accused, a range from common, everyday people to Hollywood actors like Chaplin were accused of being Communist members. Lives were shot down ...

Appling the EMH evaluate the role that government played in economic Essay

Appling the EMH evaluate the role that government played in economic recovery using recent real-life examples - Essay Example Aim and objectives of the study The theme around which the discussion will tend to revolve is of efficient market hypothesis under the intervention of the government. The hit of the financial crisis has left many countries under the scanner and so the usefulness of the study cannot be underestimated. Enormous scope of the study is waiting in the background as it is extremely important to understand or analyze the intervention of the government in detailed manner in this volatile scenario. The study will take into consideration or will try to consider the various policies of the government which will determine the scope of legislation on efficiencies of the market in the near future. The present times has witnessed gradual instability in the market due to the imposition of the different market policies of the government and would provide an opportunity of learning in the current scenario. Efficient market hypothesis The efficient market hypothesis implies that if any new form of information is available in the market the share price of the company will move accordingly and the movement of the price will be rational according to the information available in the market. In this type of market no trader will have an opportunity to earn profits which is above the normal level on the return from a share greater than the fair return from the associated risk. The chance of absence of normal profits arises as the past or the future information is reflected in the current prices of the shares. The availability of new information in the market has the ability to affect the prices of the shares (Palan, 2007, p. 3). ... icient market hypothesis implies that if any new form of information is available in the market the share price of the company will move accordingly and the movement of the price will be rational according to the information available in the market. In this type of market no trader will have an opportunity to earn profits which is above the normal level on the return from a share greater than the fair return from the associated risk. The chance of absence of normal profits arises as the past or the future information is reflected in the current prices of the shares. The availability of new information in the market has the ability to affect the prices of the shares (Palan, 2007, p. 3). The hypothesis is concerned in analysing the conditions under which an investor can earn abnormal profits from investing in a stock. It claims that the relevant information is reflected in the stock price. It states that abnormal returns cannot be availed with only public information. People are of the opinion that efficiency means that it is not possible to outperform the market at a certain point of time. It can be expected that under certain points of time the prices will deviate from the fair value as it majorly depends on the unpredictable future. It does not mean that an investor will not be able to beat the market scenario at any time. In the market which is efficient one half of the purchased shares subsequently outperform as the process tend to deviate randomly (Harder, 2010, p.7). Adoption of particular investment strategy in the long run can contribute to beat the market situation. It may be possible to find few investors who have beaten up the market scenario in a completely efficient market with price deviating from the true value. The laws of probability have the central

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation (Opinion Paper) Essay

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation (Opinion Paper) - Essay Example Intrinsic motivation comes from within such as a person's need to feel useful or need to seek self-actualization (Law, 2006). Extrinsic motivation consists of external factors that motivate an individual such as pay and benefits or other motivators provided by employers. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivators are not limited to the workforce. Motivators, or rewards, are provided beginning in childhood. Taking piano lessons and studying a foreign language are intrinsically motivated for this author. The intrinsic rewards that I am receiving are satisfaction and enjoyment. Extrinsically motivated activities include cooking and exercising. The extrinsically motivated activities are performed to please others who hope that diet and exercise will help improve my quality of life. There are several principals and theories related to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Motivation itself can be described as the "mental processes that arouse, sustain, and direct human behavior."(Law, 2006) People can be positively motivated or negatively motivated. One boss' leadership style may motivate productivity while another boss' leadership style may negatively affect productivity. It is key for any organization to conquer motivation within the workplace. In my opinion coaches of sports teams have known for years that the combination of intrinsic and extrinsic motivating factors can create the need to excel or a... George Gipp was a varsity football player at Notre Dame. When he fell ill and died Knute Rockne used a statement that Gipp is said to have made on his death bed: I've got to go, Rock. It's all right. I'm not afraid. Some time, Rock, when the team is up against it, when things are wrong and the breaks are beating the boys, ask them to go in there with all they've got and win just one for the Gipper. I don't know where I'll be then, Rock. But I'll know about it, and I'll be happy. (Estate of George Gipp, 2007). Knute Rockne used this statement to motivate his team to defeat the undefeated Army team in 1928. He knew that his team would be intrinsically and extrinsically motivated to win the game. Another principal relating to motivation is the multicative principal. This principal is based upon the belief that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are interactive rather than additive. I agree with this principal because I have seen how in playing the piano I am rewarded by other people noticing and commenting on my performance. At the same time I have a sense of personal satisfaction when I play well (intrinsic). Although it is nice to receive positive comments, and encouragement, I gain more from the intrinsic award. I am motivated more by how I feel about myself and am motivated to play better despite the extrinsic rewards. The discounting principal of motivation has to do with the rewards affect on atheletic performance. The athelete may be intrinsically motivated to perform and win. But, an athelete that is paid to perform (such as major league baseball and NFL football) may stop performing if the paid reward is removed. Thus the intrinsic motivation is pushed aside or 'discounted' when the extrinsic reward is

Engine Failure Of Flight 191 Engineering Essay

Engine Failure Of Flight 191 Engineering Essay The loss of the engine by itself should not have been enough to cause the accident.[12] Flight 191 would have been perfectly capable of returning to the airport using its remaining two engines, as the DC-10 is capable of staying airborne with any single engine out of operation. However, several other factors combined to cause a catastrophic loss of control. The engine separation had severed the hydraulic lines that controlled the aircrafts leading-edge wing slats (retractable devices that decrease a wings stall speed during takeoff and landing). The damage to the lines caused a loss of hydraulic pressure, which in turn led to uncommanded retraction of the outboard slats in the left wing.[1] Unlike other aircraft designs, the DC-10 did not include a separate mechanism to lock the slats in place.[1] Investigators examined the flight data recorder (FDR) and conducted wind tunnel tests and flight simulator tests to understand the trajectory of flight 191 after the engine detached and the slats retracted. These tests established that the damage to the wing leading edge and retraction of the slats increased the stall speed of the left wing from 124kt to 159kt.[1] Comparison of the FDR data and the simulator tests showed that the pilots of flight 191 had followed the procedure for engine failure at take-off. This procedure called for the captain to go to VHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Speeds#Other_reference_speeds2 (standard safety takeoff speed) which for flight 191 was 153kt, 6kt below the stall speed.[1] At the time the engine fell off the aircraft, flight 191 was already travelling at 165kt, safely above the stall speed. Thus, by slowing the aircraft to 153kt in accordance with the emergency procedure, the pilots inadvertently induced the stall which proved fatal. Following this accident, McDonnell Douglas revised the procedure, advising that if the aircraft was already flying faster than V2 plus 10kt the pilots should maintain a margin of 10kt above V2.[1] The DC-10 incorporates two warning devices which might have alerted the pilots to the impending stall: the slat disagreement warning light which should have illuminated after the uncommanded retraction of the slats, and the stall warning system (stick-shaker) which activates close to the stall speed. Unfortunately, both of these warning devices were powered by an electric generator driven by the no. 1 engine; following the loss of that engine, they both became inoperative.[1] [edit] Engine separation An FAA diagram of the DC-10 engine and pylon assembly indicating the failed aft pylon attach fitting. From an examinaton of the detached engine, the NTSB concluded that the pylon attachment had been damaged before the crash.[1] Investigators looked at the planes maintenance history and found that its most recent service was eight weeks before the crash, in which engine number one had been removed from the aircraft, however the pylon, the rigging holding the engine onto the wing, had been damaged during the procedure. The original procedure called for removal of the engine prior to the removal of the engine pylon, but American Airlines had begun to use a procedure that saved approximately 200 man-hours per aircraft and more importantly from a safety standpoint, it would reduce the number of disconnects (i.e., hydraulic and fuel lines, electrical cables, and wiring) from 72 to 27.[1] The new procedure involved mechanics removing the engine with the pylon as one unit, rather than the engine, and then the pylon. A large forklift was used to support the engine while it was being detached from the wing a procedure that was found to be extremelly difficult to execute successfully, due to difficulties with holding the engine assembly straight while it was being removed. The field service representative from the manufacturer, McDonnell-Douglas, said it would not encourage this procedure due to the element of risk and had so advised American. However, McDonnell-Douglas does not have the authority to either approve or disapprove the maintenance procedures of its customers.[1] The accident investigation also concluded that the design of the pylon and adjacent surfaces made the parts difficult to service and prone to damage by maintenance crews. The NTSB reported that there were two different approaches to the one-step procedure: using an overhead hoist or using a forklift. United Airlines used a hoist; American and Continental Airlines used a forklift. According to the NTSB, all the cases wherein impact damage was sustained and cracks found involved the use of the forklift.[1] Under the procedure American used, if the forklift was in the wrong position, the engine would rock like a see-saw and jam against the pylon attachment points. The forklift operator was guided by hand and voice signals; the position had to be spot-on or could cause damage. Management was aware of this. The modification to the aircraft involved in Flight 191 did not go smoothly. Engineers started to disconnect the engine and pylon, but changed shift halfway through. When work continued, the pylon was jammed on the wing and the forklift had to be repositioned. This was important evidence because, in order to disconnect the pylon from the wing, a bolt had to be removed so that the flange could strike the clevis. The procedure used caused an indentation that damaged the clevis pin assembly and created an indentation in the housing of the self-aligning bearing, which in turn weakened the structure sufficiently to cause a small stress fracture. The fracture went unnoticed for several fligh ts, getting worse with each flight. During Flight 191s takeoff, enough force was generated to finally cause the pylon to fail. At the point of rotation, the engine detached and was flipped over the top of the wing. [edit] Conclusion The findings of the investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) were released on December 21, 1979:[1] The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the asymmetrical stall and the ensuing roll of the aircraft because of the uncommanded retraction of the left wing outboard leading edge slats and the loss of stall warning and slat disagreement indication systems resulting from maintenance-induced damage leading to the separation of the No. 1 engine and pylon assembly at a critical point during takeoff. The separation resulted from damage by improper maintenance procedures which led to failure of the pylon structure. Contributing to the-cause of the accident were the vulnerability of the design of the pylon attach points to maintenance damage; the vulnerability of the design of the leading edge slat system to the damage which produced asymmetry; deficiencies in Federal Aviation Administration surveillance and reporting systems which failed to detect and prevent the use of improper maintenance procedures; deficiencies in the practices and communications among the operators, the manufacturer, and the FAA which failed to determine and disseminate the particulars regarding previous maintenance damage incidents; and the intolerance of prescribed operational procedures to this unique emergency. The NTSB determined that the damage to the left wing engine pylon had occurred during an earlier engine change at the American Airlines aircraft maintenance facility in Tulsa, Oklahoma on March 29 and 30, 1979.[1] The evidence came from the flange, a critical part of the pylon assembly. [edit] Aftermath First responders survey the Flight 191 crash site in Des Plaines, Illinois. Problems with DC-10s were discovered as a cause of the accident, including deficiencies in both design specifications and maintenance procedures which made damage very likely. In response to this incident, American Airlines was fined by the United States government $500,000 for improper maintenance procedures[12]. Two weeks after the accident, on June 6, the FAA ordered all DC-10s to be grounded until all problems were solved. The ban was lifted on July 13.[13] The crash of another DC-10 in November 1979, Air New Zealand Flight 901, would only add to the DC-10s negative reputation at the time however, Flight 901 was caused by several human and environmental factors not related to the airworthiness of the DC-10, and the aircraft was later completely exonerated in that accident. Although McDonnell Douglas employees participated in an Im proud of the DC-10 campaign, the companys shares fell more than 20% following the crash of Flight 191. In 1997, the McDonnell Douglas company was taken over by its rival, Boeing. Despite the safety concerns, the DC-10 went on to outsell its closest competitor, the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar, by nearly 2 to 1. This was due to the L-1011s launch being delayed, the introduction of the DC-10-30 long range model without a competing TriStar variant, and the DC-10 having a greater choice of engines (the L-1011 was only available with Rolls-Royce engines, while the DC-10 could be ordered with General Electric or Pratt HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt__WhitneyHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt__Whitney Whitney engines). The DC-10 program also benefited from obtaining a U.S. Air Force contract to develop a long-range refueller, which culminated in the KC-10 Extender. Lockheed had no such support for the TriStar, and halted production in 1982. NTSB investigation The crash of flight 191 brought fierce criticism from the media because it was the fourth fatal accident involving a DC-10 at the time. Six hundred and twenty-two people had died in DC-10 accidents, including flight 191. As the weather was perfect for flying and there was no indication that a flock of birds or another plane caused the crash, the remains of engine #1 raised serious concerns of the safety of the DC-10. The separated engine was not the only concern, as the public wanted to know whether the detached engine was the only cause of the crash. Investigators wondered if a fire was possibly the cause, as this was backed up by testimony from air traffic controller Ed Rucker who said he saw a flash from the wing. This raised concerns that 191 was the result of a terrorist attack. Sixty witnesses who saw the plane on the runway ruled out a bomb, as they all saw engine #1 swing forward then flip up and over the top of the wing, which pointed to structural failure as the cause. The findings of the investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) were released on December 21, 1979. It revealed the probable cause to be attributable to damage to the left wing engine pylon that occurred during an earlier engine change at American Airliness aircraft maintenance facility in Tulsa, Oklahoma on March 29 and 30, 1979. cite web |url=http://amelia.db.erau.edu/reports/ntsb/aar/AAR79-17.pdf |title=NTSB (National Transportation Safety Board) Report] Evidence came from the flange, a critical part of the pylon assembly. It was revealed to be damaged before the crash, and investigators looked at the planes maintenance history and found it was serviced eight weeks before the crash. The pylon was damaged due to an ill-thought-out engine removal procedure. The original procedure called for removal of the engine prior to the removal of the engine pylon. To save time and costs, American Airlines, without the approval of McDonnell Douglas, had begun to use a faste r procedure. They instructed their mechanics to remove the engine with the pylon all together as one unit. A large forklift was used to support the engine while it was being detached from the wing. This procedure was extremely difficult to execute successfully, due to difficulties with holding the engine assembly straight while it was being removed. This method of engine-pylon removal was used to save man hours and was encouraged despite differences with the manufacturers specifications on how the procedure was supposed to be performed. The accident investigation also concluded that the design of the pylon and adjacent surfaces made the parts difficult to service and prone to damage by maintenance crews. According to the History Channel,cite video title = The Crash of Flight 191 url = http://store.aetv.com/html/product/index.jhtml?id=71451 publisher = The History Channel publisherid = AAE-71451 medium = DVD] United Airlines and Continental Airlines were also using a one-step procedure. After the accident, cracks were found in the bulkheads of DC-10s in both fleets. The procedure used for maintenance did not proceed smoothly. If the forklift was in the wrong position, the engine would rock like a see-saw and jam against the pylon attachment points. The forklift operator was guided by hand and voice signals; the position had to be spot-on or could cause damage, but management was unaware of this. The modification to the aircraft involved in flight 191 did not go smoothly; engineers started to disconnect the engine and pylon but changed shift halfway through; when work continued, the pylon was jammed on the wing and the forklift had to be re-positioned. This was important evidence because, in order to disconnect the pylon from the wing, a bolt had to be removed so that the flange could strike the clevis. The procedure used caused an indentation that damaged the clevis pin assembly and created an indentation in the housing of the self-aligning bearing, which in turn weakened the structure sufficiently to cause a small stress fracture. The fracture went unnoticed for several flights, getting worse with each flight that the plane had taken. During flight 191s takeoff, enough force was generated to finally cause the pylon to fail. At the point of rotation, the engine detached and was flipped over the top of the wing. The loss of the engine by itself should not have been enough to cause the accident. During an interview on Seconds From Disaster, Former NTSB investigator Michael Marx mentioned there were other incidents where the engine fell off, yet they landed without incident. Flight 191 would have been perfectly capable of returning to the airport using its remaining two engines, as the DC-10 is capable of staying airborne with any single engine out of operation. Unfortunately, several other factors combined to cause a catastrophic loss of control. The separation of the engine severed electrical wiring and hydraulic lines which were routed through the leading edge of the wing. The damage to the lines caused a loss of hydraulic pressure, which in turn led to uncommanded retraction of the outboard slats in the port wing. The DC-10 design included a back-up hydraulic system which should have been enough to keep the slats in place; however, both lines are too close together, a design also used on the DC-9. There should have been enough fluid to keep the slats extended, so investigators wanted to know why they were never re-extended by the pilot. The answer came from the end of the recording on the CVR. The number 1 engine powered both the recorder and the slat warning system, which left the pilot and co-pilot with no way of knowing about the position of the slats. Investigators examined the FDR to see what occurred after the engine detached. The procedure called for the captain to go to V2 which he did perfectly, but investigators found that it said nothing about incidents where the speed was already above V2, as it was in this case. Therefore, the pilot had to reduce speed. Simulator tests were done to see if this made a difference; 13 pilots followed the procedure 70 times and not one was able to recover. The NTSB concluded that reducing speed when the slats are back may actually have made it more difficult for the pilot to recover control of the aircraft. When a DC-10 is about to stall it gives two warnings: The first is the stick-shaker which causes the yoke to vibrate, and the second is a warning light that flashes. These combined warnings should have alerted the pilots to increase speed immediately. American Airlines had chosen to have the stick-shaker on the pilots side only, but the stick-shaker did not operate because it was powered by the missing left engine. In the event of an engine failure, it is possible for the flight engineer to switch the pilots controls to a backup power supply. However, inv estigators determined that in order for him to access the necessary switch, the engineer would have had to unfasten his seat belt, stand up, and turn around. The DC-10 hit the ground with a bank of 112ÂÂ °, and at a nose-down attitude of 21ÂÂ °. The NTSB concluded that given the circumstances of the situation, the pilots could not be reasonably blamed for the resulting accident. In his book Blind Trust, [cite book | title = Blind Trust | last=Nance | first=John J. | authorlink=John J. Nance | publisher = William Morrow Co | isbn = 0-688-05360-2 | year = 1987] John J. Nance argues that the 1978 Airline Deregulation Act caused havoc and induced cost-cutting in the industry, producing a serious erosion of the margin of safety for passengers. Nance argues that the industry reverted from an industry under partial surveillance to an industry running on the honor system. Aftermath Problems with DC-10s were discovered as a cause of the accident, including deficiencies in both design specifications and maintenance procedures which made damage very likely. Since the crash happened just before a Western Airlines DC-10 crashed in Mexico City and five years after a Turkish Airlines DC-10 crashed near Paris, the FAA quickly ordered all DC-10s to be grounded until all problems were solved. The result of the problem-solving was an arguably more efficient and safe DC-10. The US government fined American Airlines $500,000 for improper maintenance procedures, but the insurance settlement for the replacement of the aircraft gave American Airlines $25,000,000 beyond the amount of the fine.Fact|date=June 2007 Although the companys employees participated in an Im proud of the DC-10 campaign, McDonnell Douglas shares fell more than 20% following the crash of Flight 191. The DC-10 itself had a bad reputation, but ironically it was often caused by poor maintenance procedures, and not design flaw. In 1997 the McDonnell Douglas company was taken over by its rival, Boeing, which moved its corporate headquarters from Seattle to Chicago. Despite the safety concerns, the DC-10 went on to outsell its closest competitor, the Lockheed L-1011, by nearly 2 to 1. This was due to the L-1011s launch being delayed and the DC-10 having a greater choice of engines (the L-1011 was only available with Rolls-Royce engines, while the DC-10 could be ordered with General Electric or Pratt Whitney engines).