Economic Justification for High Salaries in Sport

Justification of the huge salaries paid to some top athletes; an economic perspective. Over the last century there has been much research into the area of Labour Economics, and hence the determinants of supply, demand and wages for labour. In this essay, I will be looking at the unique example of the Sports Labour Market with specific focus on the European Football Market, and use various economic models to justify the huge salaries currently offered to top athletes within this field.The wages of professional footballers have risen dramatically since the Bosman ruling in December 1995, in which EU football players were given the right to a  free transfer  at the end of their contracts, with the provision that they were transferring from a club within one EU Association to a club within another EU Association (European Commission, 2012).This has been supported by various studies, including (Simmons, 1997), who argued that the move towards a free agency had the consequent impact of increasing players’ salaries, as the forgone transfer fees translate into increased salaries, since the bargaining power is transferred to the player. This was reinforced by (Downward, 2000) who found that post-Bosman, the wages within the United Kingdom’s Premier League rose considerably.However, these findings conflict with other studies conducted, including (Szymanski, 1999), who argued that the new ruling only lead to increased wages for superstar players who have the greatest bargaining power, and that it did not affect the wages for the average player. During this essay I will first discuss the basic economic principles relating to the labour market, and subsequently introduce various models developed with specific focus on the sports labour market. Demand for labour is â€Å"derived demand† because it is dependent on the demand for the final product that the labour produces (R.Sandy, 2004). The conventional model used to analyse wage determinants states that the demand for labour is dependent on the Marginal Revenue Product of Labour (MRP) which is â€Å"the change in revenue that results from the addition of one extra unit (employee) when all other factors are kept equal† (Investopedia, 2012). In the field of sport, the industry is in a real sense selling its athletes, hence the demand for labour is dependent on the athletes â€Å"product† which could be viewed as his or her contribution towards the teams win column. The value of a win to the ports franchise is dependent on how the fans respond when the team wins more games. This value could be realised through the many revenue streams that sports franchises currently operate, perhaps most notably in the form of increased ticket sales, increased spending on merchandise and prize money. The â€Å"Standard Model† or â€Å"Perfect Competition Model† for wage determinants assumes that the sports franchise will operate at the profit maximising level of outpu t, i. e. when the last unit of labour that is added adds as much to the firms revenues as to its costs > MRPL = MCL as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1– PC Model Revenue and cost Marginal Wage Cost ARP MRP Employment of labour However, there are many limitations to this model, as the labour market for competitive athletes is far more complex. One basic argument against this model is that if in a perfectly competitive industry; firms earn abnormal profits, it assumes that more firms will enter the market and diminish these returns. Nonetheless, there are huge barriers to entry in the professional sports industry, and freedom of entry and exit does not exist.If we look at the Premier League for example, each club typically has a local monopoly, and due to the nature of the market, one firm may bid up the price of labour as it hires more units, hence in the sense it could be viewed as a monopsonistic market (R. Sandy, 2004). Furthermore, there is uncertainty over quality, as sports te ams have uncertainty over both the new players they hire and even experienced players and in the PC model the quality of labour is assumed to be known to the firm. Also due to long-term contracts it is impossible to predict how their skills will deteriorate or improve ver that period and if any injuries will occur. Furthermore, Players have to learn the weaknesses and strengths of their team-mates and to coordinate their strategies. A group of players who have been together for years will be much more effective than a group of equally talented individuals who have just been assembled into a team (R. Sandy, 2004). When establishing a suitable model to justify the enormous wages paid to some top athletes, we should first consider some basic economic principles. By definition, Star players are scarce hence the supply of these star players is highly inelastic.This in itself would inflate the wage of these players, as the supply of top talent is very limited. To add a unit of player qual ity the team has to pay a higher price than it paid for its last unit of quality (Robinsion, 2012). However, it has been suggested that the labour supply curve has become more elastic since the globalisation of the sports labour market. Sherwin Rosen’s seminal 1981 paper on the economics of superstars asked the question why â€Å"relatively small numbers of people earn enormous amounts of money and seem to dominate the fields in which they engage. Rosen suggests that in superstar markets, â€Å"small differences in talent at the top of the distribution will translate into large differences in revenue† (Rosen, 1981). This suggests that the MRP of labour in sports, accelerates at an almost exponential rate as talent or quality increases, and profit-maximisers will operate where MRPL = MCL, hence leading to high salaries. Rosen simple insight was that â€Å"†¦ sellers of higher talent charge only slightly higher prices than those of lower talent, but sell much larg er quantities; their greater earnings come overwhelmingly from selling larger quantities than from charging higher prices†.This was tested empirically on the Italian League by Simmons & Lucifora in 2003 and the findings were consistent with Rosen’s hypothesis, and found that relatively small number of performers dominate their industry and earn a disproportionate share of revenue (Simmons C. L. , 2003). Furthermore, in a study conducted by (Depken, 2000), it was found that performance may be affected by the dispersion of pay within teams. Hefound, empirically, that less salary disparity resulted in greater team cohesiveness and more efficient team production.Another justification given for these huge salaries has been deemed the â€Å"Demonstration Effect†. This is a positiveexternality in the sense that a team which hires a superstar may raise the revenues of other teams in the league. This was found by Hausman and Leonard (1997) who established that the presenc e of a superstar such as Michael Jordan can have a substantial effect on the number of viewers watching NBA basketball games and increase other teams’ revenue as well as his own (Leonard, 1997). Perhaps one of the most important factors relating to salaries is the underlying motive of owners.There have been various views on whether owners actually employ a utility maximisation or profit maximisation strategy, and in the European Football industry, it could be argued that both forms exist. Gerald Scully investigated the theoretical relationship between a club’s winning percentage, ticket prices, attendance and profits. He stated that the marginal cost of acquiring player talent (T) is given by MC(T). Also, the demand for wins depends on thesize of the franchise market and the elasticity of fans demand for wins.In this model the term we represents a profit-maximising winning percentage where MC(T) = MR(T), the marginal revenue derived from a particular level of talent, w ith Te being the profit-maximising level of talent required to produce this outcome. This can be shown in Figure 2 Figure 2 – Scully’s Model Price / Cost Te MC(T) P C D(T) MR(T) Win percentage W2 We W1 However, playing success has a random component due to injuries, mistakes by the referee, or a mismatch between managerial skills and players.Thus, there is a range of win percentages associated with Te talent such as w1 – w2. In turn this range gives rise to variation in attendance between A1 and A2 in Figure 3. To show the relationship between profit and win percentage Scully uses Figure 4. He shows a horizontal line ? = 0 which describes the club’s break-even point. He also makes the assumption that costs other than talent are fixed. Since Scully assumes that revenue is proportional to the team’s winning percentage, as indicated by ? T) in Figure 3, but that costs are fixed for the season, teams will make positive profits for winning percentages a bove or close to the profit maximising level, we, as shown by ? 0 Attendance Profit Figure 3Figure 4 ?(T) = TR ? TC A ?3 A3 ?2 A2 ?0 ?1 A1 Win percentage 0 w3 w2 w1 Win Percentage 0 w3 w2 w1 On the other hand, there are some criticisms to this model. Firstly, considering European Football, clubs also compete in European competitions, therefore giving incentive to have T >Te. In addition, Scully’s model focuses on the proportion of games won.Fans may be more interested in their team contending for a championship. These are not the same; hence in an evenly balanced league a team with nearly 50% wins could be in contention while in a highly unbalanced league a team with 60% wins could be out of contention. The utility maximisation model was introduced by Peter Sloane in 1971, and he viewed that in the case of football this model was intuitively the most appealing in since we may regard football as a consumption activity (Sloane, 1971).In Sloane’s model the utility U of an owner is a function, u, of; playing success; defined as the percentage of wins, (w); average attendance which adds to the spectacle and atmosphere (a); the competitive balance of the league defined as the standard deviation of league-wide winning percentages (x); having attractive opponents increases the interest in games; and after tax profits minus the threshold level of profit required to stay in business (x); profits add to the stability of the club and help to attract star players.Thus Utility Maximisation is the function denoted by U = u (w, a, x, ? ), subject to ? r 0 + taxes; where ? r equals actual profits and ? 0 equals minimum profits. Both ? r and ? 0 may in fact be negative, in which case the taxes due would be zero. This is possible where the club has access to external sources of finance (f). In this model, the owner might weight each component of the function differently; hence if the owner puts a high weight on w then they will be prepared to trade off some rofit ( or make losses) in order to secure additional playing success. Sloane’s model is perhaps even more relevant today, as there has been a recent trend for billionaires to acquire football clubs and spend unprecedented amounts on talent, purely to maximise the amount of wins. Implications of this model could also be used to describe the financial instability of some clubs, and the unbalanced performance of many European Leagues. Figure 5 – Sloane ModelReturns and cost of winning L’’ D TC C TRL L’ S’’ B TRS S’ A 0 W’L W’s WL Ws Win Percentage This result is illustrated in Figure 5, which compares a big city club, L, with a small city club, S, competing in a two-team league. As with the Scully model, it is assumed that costs of producing wins rises linearly and are identical for both clubs. Returns to winning rise initially at an increasing rate, but then at a decreasing rate as interest wanes if a team wins too often.T he total returns to winning schedule for a large city team TRL lies above that for a small city team TRS as the larger population catchment area in the former case means that the large city team will attract more spectators for any given winning percentage. The financial instability arises from the zero sum nature of the wins within the league. If the large city team wins more often, denoted by L’, this means that the small city team will win less often, denoted by S’. Thus the success of one club will drive the other into the area of loss making (anywhere below TC).Due to the different regulations and restrictions, there is no one-size fits all model, but in the case of European Football, the most influential factor relating to players wages is the motives of the owner. Many high profile clubs in recent times have been criticised for spending endless sums of money to bring in the talent to enable them to win. Perhaps most notably, in the case of Chelsea, Roman Abromav ich total spending has surpassed â‚ ¬1bn [ (Jackson, 2012) ], and Chelsea has consistently reported losses with Abramovich’s sole mission of wanting to win the European Champions League.When looking at Sloane’s model, it could be viewed that in the case of utility maximisation, that Abramovich puts heavy weighting on the winning aspect of the function, with little or no emphasis on profits, and perhaps in this rare example, it could be viewed that he has no have a maximum loss. To overcome this growing trend, UEFA have implemented new rules regarding Financial Fair Play which includes an obligation for clubs, over a period of time, to balance their books or break even.Under the concept, clubs cannot repeatedly spend more than their generated revenues, and clubs will be obliged to meet all their transfer and employee payment commitments at all times† [ (UEFA, 2012) ]. This would be a new factor that needs to be introduced into economic models. Furthermore, it c ould be viewed that the traditional business model of Football clubs is changing, as in the case of David Beckham, the increased merchandise sales realised by Real Madrid and LA Galaxy has meant that they have been able to justify his huge salaries ased on the marginal revenue product that he generates. Some superstars can have huge impacts on franchises total revenue, as described in the superstar effect, and clubs are forced to pay all players huge salaries to prevent underperformance due to pay disparity. Bibliography Ross Jackson. (2012, 02 01). Goal. com. Retrieved from http://www. goal. com/en-gb/news/2896/premier-league/2012/02/01/2879167/roman-abramovichs-chelsea-spending-surpasses-1-billion Depken, C. (2000). Wage disparity and team productivity: evidence from major. Economics Letters 67 . Downward, P. . (2000). The Economics of Professional Team Sports. London: Routledge. European Commission. (2012, 12 02). White Paper on Sport. Retrieved from The Organisation of Sport: ht tp://ec. europa. eu/sport/white-paper/swd-the-organisation-of-sport_en. htm#4_2 Investopedia. (2012, 12 02). Marginal Revenue Product. Retrieved from http://www. investopedia. com/terms/m/marginal-revenue-product-mrp. asp#axzz2Duw8EOwf Leonard, J. H. (1997). Superstars in the NBA. Journal of Labour Economics . R. Sandy, P. S. (2004). The Economics of Sport; An International Perspective.New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Robinsion, T. (2012). The Labour Market for Players Lecture. Manchester. Rosen, S. (1981). The Economics of Superstars. The American Economic Review . Simmons. (1997). Implications of the Bosman Ruling. Economic Affairs , 13-18. Simmons, C. L. (2003). Superstar Effects in Sport : Evidence From Italian Soccer. Journal of Sports Economics . Sloane, P. J. (1971). The Economics of Professional Football: The Football Club As A Utility Maximiser. Scottish Journal of Political Economy . Szymanski, K. &. (1999). Winners and Losers. London: Penguin. Economic Justification for High Salaries in Sport Justification of the huge salaries paid to some top athletes; an economic perspective. Over the last century there has been much research into the area of Labour Economics, and hence the determinants of supply, demand and wages for labour. In this essay, I will be looking at the unique example of the Sports Labour Market with specific focus on the European Football Market, and use various economic models to justify the huge salaries currently offered to top athletes within this field.The wages of professional footballers have risen dramatically since the Bosman ruling in December 1995, in which EU football players were given the right to a  free transfer  at the end of their contracts, with the provision that they were transferring from a club within one EU Association to a club within another EU Association (European Commission, 2012).This has been supported by various studies, including (Simmons, 1997), who argued that the move towards a free agency had the consequent impact of increasing players’ salaries, as the forgone transfer fees translate into increased salaries, since the bargaining power is transferred to the player. This was reinforced by (Downward, 2000) who found that post-Bosman, the wages within the United Kingdom’s Premier League rose considerably.However, these findings conflict with other studies conducted, including (Szymanski, 1999), who argued that the new ruling only lead to increased wages for superstar players who have the greatest bargaining power, and that it did not affect the wages for the average player. During this essay I will first discuss the basic economic principles relating to the labour market, and subsequently introduce various models developed with specific focus on the sports labour market. Demand for labour is â€Å"derived demand† because it is dependent on the demand for the final product that the labour produces (R.Sandy, 2004). The conventional model used to analyse wage determinants states that the demand for labour is dependent on the Marginal Revenue Product of Labour (MRP) which is â€Å"the change in revenue that results from the addition of one extra unit (employee) when all other factors are kept equal† (Investopedia, 2012). In the field of sport, the industry is in a real sense selling its athletes, hence the demand for labour is dependent on the athletes â€Å"product† which could be viewed as his or her contribution towards the teams win column. The value of a win to the ports franchise is dependent on how the fans respond when the team wins more games. This value could be realised through the many revenue streams that sports franchises currently operate, perhaps most notably in the form of increased ticket sales, increased spending on merchandise and prize money. The â€Å"Standard Model† or â€Å"Perfect Competition Model† for wage determinants assumes that the sports franchise will operate at the profit maximising level of outpu t, i. e. when the last unit of labour that is added adds as much to the firms revenues as to its costs > MRPL = MCL as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1– PC Model Revenue and cost Marginal Wage Cost ARP MRP Employment of labour However, there are many limitations to this model, as the labour market for competitive athletes is far more complex. One basic argument against this model is that if in a perfectly competitive industry; firms earn abnormal profits, it assumes that more firms will enter the market and diminish these returns. Nonetheless, there are huge barriers to entry in the professional sports industry, and freedom of entry and exit does not exist.If we look at the Premier League for example, each club typically has a local monopoly, and due to the nature of the market, one firm may bid up the price of labour as it hires more units, hence in the sense it could be viewed as a monopsonistic market (R. Sandy, 2004). Furthermore, there is uncertainty over quality, as sports te ams have uncertainty over both the new players they hire and even experienced players and in the PC model the quality of labour is assumed to be known to the firm. Also due to long-term contracts it is impossible to predict how their skills will deteriorate or improve ver that period and if any injuries will occur. Furthermore, Players have to learn the weaknesses and strengths of their team-mates and to coordinate their strategies. A group of players who have been together for years will be much more effective than a group of equally talented individuals who have just been assembled into a team (R. Sandy, 2004). When establishing a suitable model to justify the enormous wages paid to some top athletes, we should first consider some basic economic principles. By definition, Star players are scarce hence the supply of these star players is highly inelastic.This in itself would inflate the wage of these players, as the supply of top talent is very limited. To add a unit of player qual ity the team has to pay a higher price than it paid for its last unit of quality (Robinsion, 2012). However, it has been suggested that the labour supply curve has become more elastic since the globalisation of the sports labour market. Sherwin Rosen’s seminal 1981 paper on the economics of superstars asked the question why â€Å"relatively small numbers of people earn enormous amounts of money and seem to dominate the fields in which they engage. Rosen suggests that in superstar markets, â€Å"small differences in talent at the top of the distribution will translate into large differences in revenue† (Rosen, 1981). This suggests that the MRP of labour in sports, accelerates at an almost exponential rate as talent or quality increases, and profit-maximisers will operate where MRPL = MCL, hence leading to high salaries. Rosen simple insight was that â€Å"†¦ sellers of higher talent charge only slightly higher prices than those of lower talent, but sell much larg er quantities; their greater earnings come overwhelmingly from selling larger quantities than from charging higher prices†.This was tested empirically on the Italian League by Simmons & Lucifora in 2003 and the findings were consistent with Rosen’s hypothesis, and found that relatively small number of performers dominate their industry and earn a disproportionate share of revenue (Simmons C. L. , 2003). Furthermore, in a study conducted by (Depken, 2000), it was found that performance may be affected by the dispersion of pay within teams. Hefound, empirically, that less salary disparity resulted in greater team cohesiveness and more efficient team production.Another justification given for these huge salaries has been deemed the â€Å"Demonstration Effect†. This is a positiveexternality in the sense that a team which hires a superstar may raise the revenues of other teams in the league. This was found by Hausman and Leonard (1997) who established that the presenc e of a superstar such as Michael Jordan can have a substantial effect on the number of viewers watching NBA basketball games and increase other teams’ revenue as well as his own (Leonard, 1997). Perhaps one of the most important factors relating to salaries is the underlying motive of owners.There have been various views on whether owners actually employ a utility maximisation or profit maximisation strategy, and in the European Football industry, it could be argued that both forms exist. Gerald Scully investigated the theoretical relationship between a club’s winning percentage, ticket prices, attendance and profits. He stated that the marginal cost of acquiring player talent (T) is given by MC(T). Also, the demand for wins depends on thesize of the franchise market and the elasticity of fans demand for wins.In this model the term we represents a profit-maximising winning percentage where MC(T) = MR(T), the marginal revenue derived from a particular level of talent, w ith Te being the profit-maximising level of talent required to produce this outcome. This can be shown in Figure 2 Figure 2 – Scully’s Model Price / Cost Te MC(T) P C D(T) MR(T) Win percentage W2 We W1 However, playing success has a random component due to injuries, mistakes by the referee, or a mismatch between managerial skills and players.Thus, there is a range of win percentages associated with Te talent such as w1 – w2. In turn this range gives rise to variation in attendance between A1 and A2 in Figure 3. To show the relationship between profit and win percentage Scully uses Figure 4. He shows a horizontal line ? = 0 which describes the club’s break-even point. He also makes the assumption that costs other than talent are fixed. Since Scully assumes that revenue is proportional to the team’s winning percentage, as indicated by ? T) in Figure 3, but that costs are fixed for the season, teams will make positive profits for winning percentages a bove or close to the profit maximising level, we, as shown by ? 0 Attendance Profit Figure 3Figure 4 ?(T) = TR ? TC A ?3 A3 ?2 A2 ?0 ?1 A1 Win percentage 0 w3 w2 w1 Win Percentage 0 w3 w2 w1 On the other hand, there are some criticisms to this model. Firstly, considering European Football, clubs also compete in European competitions, therefore giving incentive to have T >Te. In addition, Scully’s model focuses on the proportion of games won.Fans may be more interested in their team contending for a championship. These are not the same; hence in an evenly balanced league a team with nearly 50% wins could be in contention while in a highly unbalanced league a team with 60% wins could be out of contention. The utility maximisation model was introduced by Peter Sloane in 1971, and he viewed that in the case of football this model was intuitively the most appealing in since we may regard football as a consumption activity (Sloane, 1971).In Sloane’s model the utility U of an owner is a function, u, of; playing success; defined as the percentage of wins, (w); average attendance which adds to the spectacle and atmosphere (a); the competitive balance of the league defined as the standard deviation of league-wide winning percentages (x); having attractive opponents increases the interest in games; and after tax profits minus the threshold level of profit required to stay in business (x); profits add to the stability of the club and help to attract star players.Thus Utility Maximisation is the function denoted by U = u (w, a, x, ? ), subject to ? r 0 + taxes; where ? r equals actual profits and ? 0 equals minimum profits. Both ? r and ? 0 may in fact be negative, in which case the taxes due would be zero. This is possible where the club has access to external sources of finance (f). In this model, the owner might weight each component of the function differently; hence if the owner puts a high weight on w then they will be prepared to trade off some rofit ( or make losses) in order to secure additional playing success. Sloane’s model is perhaps even more relevant today, as there has been a recent trend for billionaires to acquire football clubs and spend unprecedented amounts on talent, purely to maximise the amount of wins. Implications of this model could also be used to describe the financial instability of some clubs, and the unbalanced performance of many European Leagues. Figure 5 – Sloane ModelReturns and cost of winning L’’ D TC C TRL L’ S’’ B TRS S’ A 0 W’L W’s WL Ws Win Percentage This result is illustrated in Figure 5, which compares a big city club, L, with a small city club, S, competing in a two-team league. As with the Scully model, it is assumed that costs of producing wins rises linearly and are identical for both clubs. Returns to winning rise initially at an increasing rate, but then at a decreasing rate as interest wanes if a team wins too often.T he total returns to winning schedule for a large city team TRL lies above that for a small city team TRS as the larger population catchment area in the former case means that the large city team will attract more spectators for any given winning percentage. The financial instability arises from the zero sum nature of the wins within the league. If the large city team wins more often, denoted by L’, this means that the small city team will win less often, denoted by S’. Thus the success of one club will drive the other into the area of loss making (anywhere below TC).Due to the different regulations and restrictions, there is no one-size fits all model, but in the case of European Football, the most influential factor relating to players wages is the motives of the owner. Many high profile clubs in recent times have been criticised for spending endless sums of money to bring in the talent to enable them to win. Perhaps most notably, in the case of Chelsea, Roman Abromav ich total spending has surpassed â‚ ¬1bn [ (Jackson, 2012) ], and Chelsea has consistently reported losses with Abramovich’s sole mission of wanting to win the European Champions League.When looking at Sloane’s model, it could be viewed that in the case of utility maximisation, that Abramovich puts heavy weighting on the winning aspect of the function, with little or no emphasis on profits, and perhaps in this rare example, it could be viewed that he has no have a maximum loss. To overcome this growing trend, UEFA have implemented new rules regarding Financial Fair Play which includes an obligation for clubs, over a period of time, to balance their books or break even.Under the concept, clubs cannot repeatedly spend more than their generated revenues, and clubs will be obliged to meet all their transfer and employee payment commitments at all times† [ (UEFA, 2012) ]. This would be a new factor that needs to be introduced into economic models. Furthermore, it c ould be viewed that the traditional business model of Football clubs is changing, as in the case of David Beckham, the increased merchandise sales realised by Real Madrid and LA Galaxy has meant that they have been able to justify his huge salaries ased on the marginal revenue product that he generates. Some superstars can have huge impacts on franchises total revenue, as described in the superstar effect, and clubs are forced to pay all players huge salaries to prevent underperformance due to pay disparity. Bibliography Ross Jackson. (2012, 02 01). Goal. com. Retrieved from http://www. goal. com/en-gb/news/2896/premier-league/2012/02/01/2879167/roman-abramovichs-chelsea-spending-surpasses-1-billion Depken, C. (2000). Wage disparity and team productivity: evidence from major. Economics Letters 67 . Downward, P. . (2000). The Economics of Professional Team Sports. London: Routledge. European Commission. (2012, 12 02). White Paper on Sport. Retrieved from The Organisation of Sport: ht tp://ec. europa. eu/sport/white-paper/swd-the-organisation-of-sport_en. htm#4_2 Investopedia. (2012, 12 02). Marginal Revenue Product. Retrieved from http://www. investopedia. com/terms/m/marginal-revenue-product-mrp. asp#axzz2Duw8EOwf Leonard, J. H. (1997). Superstars in the NBA. Journal of Labour Economics . R. Sandy, P. S. (2004). The Economics of Sport; An International Perspective.New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Robinsion, T. (2012). The Labour Market for Players Lecture. Manchester. Rosen, S. (1981). The Economics of Superstars. The American Economic Review . Simmons. (1997). Implications of the Bosman Ruling. Economic Affairs , 13-18. Simmons, C. L. (2003). Superstar Effects in Sport : Evidence From Italian Soccer. Journal of Sports Economics . Sloane, P. J. (1971). The Economics of Professional Football: The Football Club As A Utility Maximiser. Scottish Journal of Political Economy . Szymanski, K. &. (1999). Winners and Losers. London: Penguin.

The external influence for Lufthansa airline

The external influence for Lufthansa airline was the gulf war which realized a decline of traveling passengers.   With the increased number of flights the they had to com up with a strategy to enable them to survive in the market. To do this the company started by redeveloping workshops tat would see change management instilled in the managers and the whole company as a whole. This therefore enabled the workers to be sensitized for the need for a radical change. This initial crisis management meeting was the starting point for the recovery team.The other step towards change was when the company decided to move from being publicly owned to privatization and the need to embrace restructuring that could see to it that there is an increase of cost and revenue transparency as well as market proximity and thus reducing the disintegration in decision process. There was a need for the company to focus on their external relationship. This was a result of experiencing overcapacity. Therefore there was the need to change their strategy of growth through internal strength to an alternative strategy of growth through partnership.   In the end of the 20th century the strategy of the airlines changed from competition between airlines to competition between networks.   Ã‚  So there was need to strengthen integration and alliance strategies.Change is inevitable in the endeavor of a company or an organization to remain relevant in its business. Change comes along with its advantages and disadvantages. For instance due to technological change some of the employees might be found redundant and therefore be retrenched. Also change might require some expertise manpower and therefore leading the company to hire skilled labor. It is therefore the responsibility of the managers to manage all manners of changes in the organization that matters, hence determining the success of the organization (Elsevier, 2005).At Lufthansa Airways the managers have been trained to counter change s trategically. They are sensitized such that they consistently redesign the company to fit the change in line with a new product. This is seen when the company takes on a new route.   The company makes the staffs to readjust frequently to the changing trends in business. For instance, the sometimes considers readjusting its payment mode to counter the fluctuation of the US dollar currency which the company is currently using.   Though this redesigning has not yet been approved, it shows that the company is ready to seal the loss it is encountering through this fluctuation.In the endeavor to manage the changing trends in the marketing field the company consistently comes up with new marketing strategies. The example provided earlier of the company contemplating of changing their trade currency due to fluctuation and its unpredictability shows that the company is proactive since the management foresees problems in the market which has already had an impact in terms of their revenue . For instance if the management decides to change the denomination of trade, they have to consider the pros and cons of the move before finally settling for the decision. The company is currently researching on the issue and this shows that indeed the management is sensitive on the issues thus manifesting a sound managementThe management of Lufthansa Airways handles change by prioritizing the change they have to take. In doing so, the management informs all the staff through written forms and meeting about the change. Of course, some of the staffs tend to resist change but the move is pacified by the management by ensuring the staffs that apparently resists change are informed about the need for change at the particular time. The staffs are taken through training and are shown the relevance of the change to particular individual and the importance of the change in reflection to the company’s goals.For instance when a new office is established on a new route, the staffs that are to be affected are put on a training session so that they are enlightened on the need for the expansion, how they will benefit individually and how they will be resourceful to the company. In essence the employees’ attitude is taken care of and the employees get motivated to take the responsibility they are given.This also tackles the issue of resistance to change since the employees are made to be part of decision making in the change process. Thus the company successfully manages change by ensuring that its vision is articulated. In addition the management ensures that they establish core values on which the workers will consistently work on (Handy, 1993). Thus in the process of managing change the management also succeeds in enabling the workers focus on quality services by encouraging them to participate, and pump a sense of ownership into them and shared accountability.The company’s Information Technology is wanting and this is affecting their communication. L ack of a thorough networked computer within the company’s premises makes it difficult for information to be relayed from one point to another. I T is indispensable in any business at this point and time in the contemporary world. The company has to invest in this technology and use it to do most of its transactions thus doing most of the business. It has to develop a website that will enable them to market their products globally.This problem of inadequate Information Technology has been deliberately caused by lack of prioritizing it as important. This in turn costs the company extra costs by keeping many employees who could have otherwise have been done away with. Therefore the main challenge in implementing this issue is that the current employees have a negative attitude towards the introduction of the new technology.The company should endeavor to improve the quality of their service. Partially their importation and distribution process is thwarted by the insufficient tech nology. They ought to employ the right employees in terms of the qualification too. This will make them to be more professional in their operations and thus increasing their productivity.In the endeavor to improve the quality of the company’s services the company ought to employ more employees and probably establish a synchronized customer care department. In this breath the company has to ensure that each department within their operation has defined roles and thus whenever a client asks for a query he/she is directed to the right department. This will make work easier for each person in the organization and thus leaving the client who is paramount in this organization pleased with their work. This also creates a win-win situation between the company’s management and other employees.The company can improve in minimizing the cost they incur by introduction of a synchronized technology and ensuring that information flows within the hierarchies of the company. Most of th e losses the company incurs as a result of poor communication between the company and its chain of distribution. This poor communication results to lose of customers’ due to dissatisfaction of their services. The company should not fear to hire competent people because they might be expensive in their charges and salaries, but they (competent people) are bound to work and bring results.The company should also ensure that its employees are trained and sensitized about time management. In so doing the company will save a lot in terms of the backlog of the work not attended to due to poor time management. The company will also have to solve the problem of perennial absenteeism among its employees. Time management is crucial in any organization that deals with supply and distribution of commodities since and if it is not taken into consideration, it might lead to loses as a result of cancelled orders due to late delivery and sometimes cancellation of the services. The challenge t hat might come along with implementation of strategies to manage time is that some employees might feel that their freedom is curtailed and feel that they are monitored around which might reflect negatively in their attitude and eventually their performance.The organization can resolve resistance by taking into account the needs, attitudes, and beliefs of the individuals involved as well as forces of the organization (Greenbury, 1999). The company should come up with a strategy that will ensure individuals are personally benefiting from the change so that they can be willing to participate in the change process. Positive and strong pressures for change can be established by creating shared perceptions by the group members of the need for change, thus making the pressure come form within the unit.The company can also reduce amount of opposition to change when those people who are to be changed and those who are to exert influence for a change have a strong sense of belonging to the s ame group.   There is a receptiveness for change from within to be easily acceptable than that that emanate from outside (Armstrong, 2002) it is therefore wise for the company to initiate change from within. Sometimes it is indispensable for change to come from outside, for instance technological change has to be borrowed from outside and at this time it is the duty of the company to enlighten their employees on the benefits of this kind of change. The company should at this point train their employee. This will make them to be positive in their attitude towards the change and thus work towards the success of the implementation of change.In addition the company must ensure that all relevant people in the group share the information relating to the need for change. They should plan for change and be ready to face the consequences of change. There is also the need of all the managers at all levels to deliberately open communication channels for the success of the process of change.à ‚   Also for the success of a change process the company has to specify the progress criteria against which improvement will be measured. This will reduce the possibility of conflict among the members of the organization thus reduction of resistance to change.List of ReferencesArmstrong, M. (2002) How to Become Even a Better Manager. London: Kogan PageBarbara S. (2006) Change management. NY Person EducationElsevier, B. (2005) Positive Working Relationships. London: Kogan PageGreenbury, J. (1999) Organizational Behavior. New Jersey: Prentice HallReferencesHandy, C (1993) Understanding Organizations. Berkshire: PenguinMullins, L (2000) Management and Organizational Behavior. Berkshire: PenguinRollin, D (1988) Organizational Behavior and Analysis. New York: Wiley

Aboriginal Contributions to Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Aboriginal Contributions to Canada - Essay Example Since the time the aboriginals have been living in Canada, they have also been a great source of contribution to the country. They have significantly contributed in the field of agriculture, geography, literature, military, arts, fur trade and medicine. This paper primarily focuses on the contributions of the aboriginals in Canada with regards to medicine. Aboriginal Population Statistics In 2001, there were 3.4% aboriginals who lived in Canada from which 62% were North American Indian while 30% were Metis and 5% were Inuit. The largest populations of the aboriginals in Canada lived manly in the provinces names of which are Ontario, British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan.  However, the projections that have been made with regards to the aboriginal population in Canada tell that there would be 1.39 to 1.43 million people by 2017 and therefore, they would represent 4.1% of the entire population in Canada. Moreover, the population is expected to increase by 1.8% on an an nual basis and this is because of the aboriginal birth rate which is 1.5 times higher than the Canadian birth rate (CBC NEWS, 2006).   Aboriginal Traditional Medicine Traditional medicine plays a very vital role and is an essential for of First Nations health. However, it has not been given much importance by the health care system. A holistic model is used by the traditional medicine and its purpose is to ensure wellbeing by integrating a variety of aspects that include emotional, physical, mental, and spiritual aspects. Although there is a variation between the specific tribes, all tribes practice medicine on the belief that man is a part of nature, and health should be balanced. This is the reason why land and its offerings are respected. Importance of using environment for foods which were traditional and medicines was understood by the traditional elders. Today, there are many alternative medical models that analyze health and body like traditional medicine did. Moreover, sam e philosophies are followed by alternative medical models which relate to well being of the human bodies and the environment (FNHC, 2011). There are various principles philosophies with regards to the treatment of whole person which include body, mind as well as spirit through health and well being. Things such as plant, animal and mineral are used to make medicines. Moreover, the aboriginals have passed their knowledge and expertise to their future generations that have developed the ability of diagnosing and treating various conditions. Therapies such as â€Å"Naturopathic Medicine† can be accessed and can be used as alternative to conventional care. However, the federal government of Canada does not fund traditional medicine. In certain situations when individuals visit practitioner of alternative medicine are covered but naturopathic physicians do not bill the government. This is the reason why it has become challenging for the patients to opt for health care which they p refers. Besides this, it has also become challenging for the clinics who need to hire the traditional healers (Elias, 1991). It was known to the women in the first nations which included the Inuit and the Metis that traditional healing can play a great deal for us, our families as well as for our communities. Since traditional healing is important, the government of Canada has also recognized it. Although aboriginal medicine is becoming more and more important, there are still a lot of improvements that need to be made. Traditional healing provides treatment to the mind, body as well as the spirit. This approach is very much

Synopsis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Synopsis - Assignment Example Stokes contends that, when Soviet President Leonid Brezhnev and his counterparts in other communist countries in the European east decided to crush down the movement and use force to do it, they signed and sealed a death warrant of the system they thought they were saving. Prague Spring lasted from January 1968 till August of the same year, when Warsaw Pact invaded Czechoslovakia and forcefully stopped reforms. Although short in duration Prague Spring echoed throughout eastern Europe and in the next two decades there will be other movements and attempts to change the system. Stokes talks about events in Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania in the late 1970’s, he gives a lot of space in the book to Poland’s Solidarity Movement in the 1980’s , all of which culminate in 1989. The events in Poland according to the author show resilience of reformists. There, the workers struck again and again as an effort to force the government to negotiate with them. Solidarity was the cu lmination of those attempts. Stokes writes that Lech Walesa, the leader of the movement skillfully led it as he tried to keep demands outside of ideological and political sphere. This strategy paid off as Warsaw was forced to recognize the movement and its demands. Stokes belief is that 1989 is as important in European history, as 1848, or 1917 or 1789 were. He is surprised that the whole world missed an opportunity to se 1989 revolutions in Eastern Europe coming. Stokes says that this pivotal year in history was unexpected by everyone, from Washington through Communist regimes, to even rebels themselves. Stokes, also, explores historical figures of the era and area. He talks about Romanian President Nicolae Ceausescu and his self-glorification, about changes occurring in Hungary when country officials decided to turn toward market-based economy. When talking about Polish President Gierek, Czech Vaclav Havel or

Lifespan Development and Personality Paper Essay - 1

Lifespan Development and Personality Paper - Essay Example In addition, alcohol, drugs such as cocaine, lead, pesticides can damage sperm and cause children wit congenital defects. If the mother consumes alcohol during pregnancy, then the alcohol crosses the placenta and can result in children with ‘fetal alcohol syndrome’. The kind of diet that a mother takes, drugs, both legal and illegal would effect the later development of the infant. Mothers who have a healthy life style give birth to well formed babies with the right development of limbs and brains. Tobacco smoking by pregnant women is seen to cause premature babies that have low birth weight and increase in fetal deaths. Such children also show increased behavior abnormalities and cognitive problems. Motor development is mainly due to natural maturity but it can also be affected by environmental influences such as disease and neglect. Children with alcoholic mothers or ones who are neglected show lesser inclination to learn motor skills and may grow up with learning disa bilities and other problems. Piaget showed that an infants intellect is different from an adult and that an infant begins at a cognitively primitive level and that intellectual growth progresses in distinct stages, motivated by an innate need to know. Three major concepts are important: schemas, assimilation and accommodation. Schemas are cognitive structures or patterns consisting of a number of organized ideas that grow and differentiate with experience. Assimilation is the process of absorbing new information into existing schemas and accommodation is the process of adjusting old schemas or developing new ones to better fit with new information. In the first few weeks of life, an infant has multiple schemas based on the innate reflexes of sucking and grasping. These schemas are primarily motor and may be little more than stimulus and response mechanisms and soon other schemas emerge as the infant starts eating solid food. Assimilation and accommodation are the two major

Internet and the E-Commerce Flower Business Research Paper

Internet and the E-Commerce Flower Business - Research Paper Example The paper tells that individuals in the modern society over-rely on the internet for easier transactions that may involve reaching the message receiver more conveniently. Traditional methods that would entail physical involvement in the transaction are being surfaced by the technological advances that promise faster and more convenient business and social transactions than the previous methods. There are always various setbacks involved in businesses and the internet developments majorly entail reducing constraints and extra costs incurred in the traditional means. The internet has managed to integrate various forms of communication and entertainment entities in a single library that various individuals can access. The other advantages that the internet entails are in its inability to discriminate against age. Any individual with the proper documentation can create their own website to host their business and complete transactions with the click of a button. The development of this t echnology has presented numerous advances in the overall profit generation creating a wider market for a company to generate maximum profits. Marketing and advertising strategies have been established as the major entities to sell an idea and promote new products presented to the consumer population. Depending on the creativity of the marketer, and the resources applied to reach the customer population the returns expected are measured. The internet guarantees a wider market target to explain the desired product to the user. In this case, the flower business that presents numerous challenges may apply the E-commerce method to offer its sustainability within the market. The E-commerce concept normally involves distribution of the trading qualities over the internet and the transaction completed online. The final process normally involves the product delivery to the customer. This paper seeks to explain the developments achieved in the business industry by applying the internet as the trading media and the flower business as a reference. Impacts of the Internet on Global Finances Grosse explains that the internet has changed the global financial trends sine 1990 from offering financial service like banking to the provision of insurance packages that have found new measures in selling their provisions (Grosse, 35). He majorly dwells on the positive implications that the internet has accorded the banking industry with the electrical money transfer system that ensures safer measures in handling the transactions. It had become cumbersome top queue for longer hours to be serviced by the bank tellers and sometimes insecurities attributed to mugging and loss of money. The major contribution that the E-commerce has directed in the market is the management of the business time, offering minimal period spent on negotiations. The constituent of the trading commodity may be tangible or limited to internet transfer trends including money transfer. The E-business entity means the transaction happens exclusively via the electronic device, and in this case the internet provides the platform (Basu, 18). The E-commerce entity had initially been crude and mostly provided unsafe venues of trade because hackers could gain access to the information that jeopardizes the overall process. With several measures and security inscriptions, safer measures have been applied to reduce on piracy as a series of input codes and security firewalls developed to promote the medium. The aspect of internet trading revolves around the presented transaction and its nature and bulk. Normally, the internet is capable of handling the majority of the business transaction provided the parties reach an agreement towards the terms presented to make it a success. Through exchange of policies, figures in numbers ad possibly images of the advertised entity, the agreement can be solved easily. The negotiation oversees the transfer of the agreement over the internet

What kind of education did Cyrus receive in persia and media, and how Essay

What kind of education did Cyrus receive in persia and media, and how did these two education bring out what Cyrus is like by nature - Essay Example ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Xenophon gives an account of Cyrus’s education in his childhood and boyhood first at the court of his father who is the King of Persians and secondly at the court of his father, the king of the Medes. With respect to the Persian constitution, the state educates the children and they learn the art of justice, moderation, and hunting as a way of preparing them for their future engagement in war. The number of citizens is restricted to 120,000 men who are referred to as â€Å"those equal in honor† and comprise those whose parents could give formal education. Any of the citizens (isotimoi) is allowed to hold office but the stress of the Persian constitution is strict law and regulation. If anyone does not fulfill any of the required steps in preparation to becoming a full citizen, then they are disqualified from the citizens’ body. Similarly, decisions concerning justice and rule of law are rigorously upheld. During one of his school days, Cyrus is whipped by his teachers because in a trial case brought before him, he decides in line with common sense instead of the written law. When he is twelve years of age, Cyrus leaves Persia for Medes where he lives at the court of his grandfather, the Medes’ king. Contrary to Persia, life at the court of Medes is excessive. At one time, Cyrus reproves his grandfather for drunkenness and lack of reasonableness. When Cyrus has to decide between remaining at the Medish court or going back to Persia, his mother compares the Medish and the Persian courts in strong terms. The mother describes the two courts as not being in agreement about what justice entails. She describes the Medish kingdom as tyrannical whereas the Persian kingdom is founded on equality which they believe constitutes justice. She describes the king of Persia as very observant on the law rather than his will. She warns Cyrus to be careful lest he is beaten alive when he returns home (Persia) on the ground of the tyrannical rather than kingship

Affordable Care Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Affordable Care Act - Essay Example This memo will investigate the impact of ACA on Employer-Sponsored Insurance (ESI) and will specifically examine various aspects of the Act that can discourage large employers’ to offer healthcare coverage to their employees. This can ultimately result in reduced access and quality of the healthcare services and increased costs. ACA is a law of primary importance for the people of United States because it aims to address many long standing issues with our health insurance policies including the coverage of children on parental policy, cessation of ‘donut hole’ for seniors, elimination of lifetime dollar limit on coverage, free preventive care and many other provisions with an aim to cover every segment of the society to maximum possible limit of coverage, even the uninsured people with a program to extend access to insurance and more funds to states to help them in extending Medicare facilities to low-income seniors. In essence, the program is a tremendous effort to fill the gaps of insurance coverage while safeguarding the rights of stakeholders. Still, there are areas which required attention of the legislators to device some amendments in the program in order to ensure and extend its impact on access, cost and quality of health care services. The employer sponsored insurance coverage is the hottest among the controversial issues associated with provisions of ACA that are supposed to be in effect by 2014. There are two major aspects of the ACA provisions, firstly the impact of Tax Credits to small businesses and its impact on coverage offers by the employer to low and medium salaried employees and secondly the impact on large employers after 2014 when the law will be in effect with all its provisions. The employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) is of immense importance to the American people because larger employers plays an important role in overall health insurance coverage and if these firms decided to drop the coverage its impact will certa inly deplore the positivity of the ACA. However, there is a clear divide among the experts and analyst over the estimates of large firms’ response in 2014. Some forecast a big drop in ESI and other estimate it to be stable. â€Å" While the overall ESI market is likely to remain fairly stable, modelers and other experts agree that some firm types and covered subgroups are likely to experience changes in coverage soon after 2014.† (Avalere, 2011). Although most of the surveys and analysis project a stable ESI market in post-2014 scenario, there are experts, firms and analyst who oppose with some valuable reasoning and proclaim that ACA provisions can cause a major shift in employers’ policy of health insurance offerings. â€Å"Overall, 30 percent of employers will definitely or probably stop offering ESI in the years after 2014.† (Singhal, Jeris, & Drew, 2011). This is certainly an alarming statement because of heavy reliance of nonelderly Americans on emp loyer-sponsored health services and no real solution of increased healthcare access and quality can prove beneficial unless it addresses this sector correctly and U.S. Department of Healthcare and Human Services is aware of the fact, â€Å"The U.S. employer-based health insurance market provides insurance coverage to nearly two-thirds of the population under 65. In addition, nearly 80 percent of the uninsured live in a family where at least one adult is employed. Therefore, building on these programs might be an attractive component of any

The Hydrogen Bond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Hydrogen Bond - Essay Example The nature of the hydrogen bond in addition to some other factors, such as the disordered arrangement of hydrogen in water imparts unusual properties to H2O that have made conditions favorable for life on Earth. For example, it takes a relatively large amount of heat to raise water temperature one degree. This enables the world's water bodies to store enormous amounts of heat, producing a moderating effect on the world's climate, and it makes it difficult for marine organisms to destabilize the temperature of the ocean environment even as their metabolic processes produce enormous amounts of waste heat. One of the most important noncovalent interaction within molecules is the hydrogen bond, a dipole formed when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is shared with a second electronegative atom (typically an oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine atom), such that the proton may be approached very closely by an unshared pair of electrons. Hydrogen bonds play a significant role in the unusual thermodynamic properties of water and ice, and the DNA double-helical and protein a-helical and b-structure conformations are extensively hydrogen bonded. Hydrogen Bonds can be formed between different molecules (Intermolecular) or between the different parts of the same molecule(Intramolecular).

The Vindication of the Rights of Women Essay Example for Free

The Vindication of the Rights of Women Essay ‘In the Grass’ and The Vindication of the Rights of Women are two works which consider the woman and her relationship with men. This is the only way they are similar, because the lead woman of each one is very different in their ideals of their relationship with their man. In the poem, ‘In the Grass’ by Annette Droste-Hustoll, we find a woman who is mourning the loss of a beloved man, though one doesn’t know if it is her husband, father, or brother, it’s just a man who is very important to her. This woman is the perfect female of the family and unbelievingly domestic and ‘perfect’. A major issue is the repeated use of the word sweet. It seems to not only mean ‘sweet repose’, ‘sweet reeling’, and ‘sweetly laughter’, but sweet, devoted female. This poem is a sort of mourning remembrance of the perfect life where this woman was the little darling of the now gone man. The phrase ‘Sweetly laughter flutters down, dear voice mummers and trickles’, is a major phrase used to conjure up to the reader this perfect family life. It is an image of the ideal family, the man strong and ruling and the female soft and yielding. She reigns in her domestic sphere, giving the man a place of rest. But, now the man is gone, and she is remembering the good times. She is lost because she no longer has the only life she knew how to live. Finally, the last series of lines tells the only course left to her is to go with him, ‘Please, a soul, to fly with him’. She believes she no longer has a reason to live without her guide and protector. She was a queen, but only with him, and all she wants is to go with him and continue their happy relationship. She is not envisioning life on her own, perhaps she can’t. Is she an individual being or an extension of him like his arm or leg? When Mary Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of the Right of Women, the woman in the poem, â€Å"In the Grass†, was the ideal. Women in Wollstonecraft’s class were supposed to be soft creatures that let their husband do the thinking while they discussed clothes and child rearing. Wollstonecraft was against this and preached women’s rights. For this she was called ‘a hyena in petticoats’, but she refused to be silenced. Remember how in the poem ‘In the Grass’, the word ‘sweet’ is repeated over and over to set the tone of a darling little women by her man’s grave? Wollstonecraft strongly rejects this, calling all those endearments given to women from men, ‘those pretty feminine phrases, which the men condescendingly use to soften our slavish dependence. ’ Slave was a harsh word to be throwing around, especially with slavery still existing in the US, but she wanted to shock. She was writing to shock women out of their dependence. Rousseau wrote that the only good virtues of a man are the ones he creates himself and not the ones he is told he should have. Wollstonecraft thinks this should be extended to women and she should be valued by her own worth rather than by the weak virtues men tell her she should have. She tells mothers, ‘The mother, who wishes to give true dignity of character to her daughter must†¦. proceed on a plan diametrically opposite to that which Rousseau has recommended. ’ In the end, perhaps it is safe to say each writer is creating a piece of literature that reflects the times they lived in. Droste-Hulsholl wrote during the Romantic Movement, when all things were idealized, including the relationship between men and women. Wollstonecraft wrote with Enlightenment ideals which encouraged the rights and the power of the individual to take hold of his/her life and change him/herself and the world. They created such different pieces because they saw the world in totally different ways.

Relationship Between Ireland And Great Britain

Relationship Between Ireland And Great Britain The years during 1815-1922 saw numerous significant events that would further Irish nationalism and culminate with the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921. OConnells Catholic Emancipation Bill resulted in Irish welfare becoming a key feature in British politics ever since. Yet, his subsequent failure to represent public opinion led to the split with Young Ireland. OConnells failure coupled with the perception of apathy displayed by the British during the Great Famine, led to the emergence of radicalised nationalism. Also, the increased emigration to the USA, as a consequence of the famine, resulted in a growing hostile attitude towards the British and led to the surfacing of new radical groups. Similarly, the initial failure of Parnells Home Rule movement led to further radicalisation amongst nationalists. Nevertheless, the long-term significance of it cannot be denied: the passing of the third Home Rule bill in 1912 was arguably a result of Parnells initial ability to convince the Liberals o f the need for such a bill. The prospect of Home Rule, however, led to the emergence of the UVF. Indeed, the Curragh mutiny that followed highlighted Asquiths wavering dedication to securing Home Rule to nationalists. Such realisations convinced the IRB of the need for the Rising of 1916. Certainly, the Easter Rising catalysed a series of events which saw the fall of the I.P.P. and the emergence of Sinn Fein. Moreover, the rising acted as an inspiration for Sinn Fein to follow and gave a degree of legitimacy to their goal. Thus, despite the great significance of the previous events, the Easter Rising can be regarded as a turning point as it replaced the moderate objective of achieving Home Rule with the more ambitious aim of Dominion Status. More importantly, it inspired Sinn Fein to exploit the increasing sympathy of the British public, which put pressure on the British government to create a treaty; previous events had failed to do this. The Catholic Emancipation Act 1829 can be regarded as a decisive moment in the British and Irish question. It served as a devastating blow to the protestant Ascendancy, which had been present since the late seventeenth century; they had now lost their political and economic supremacy. Significantly, it changed the fabric of British politics: it led to the emergence of an Irish party in the House of Commons. For the first time, the Irish Question was disclosed to the British government. Irish welfare was now to become a key feature in British politics. Additionally, OConnells popularity was exemplified in the County Clare election of 1828. Certainly, the election demonstrated the power and the possibilities that could be achieved with mass opinion. Thus, OConnells initial pragmatic ability cannot be denied: Oliver MacDonagh writes that before 1843 OConnell blazed the trail Westminster  [1]  . However, after this period OConnells record is one of resounding failure. There was an in creasing divide between OConnells ideology and general public opinion. OConnells sustained notion of peaceful methods to achieve repeal sparked a growing perception of OConnells timidity amongst the population. As Quigley argues his emphasis on moral force tactics was too outdated for the Irish national movement  [2]  . His split with Young Ireland, a group that now advocated the use of force, reinforces this notion. Nevertheless, OConnells actions were certainly significant in the course of the British and Irish question: because of his actions Irish welfare became a key issue at Westminster. Also, OConnells peaceful and constitutional methods were adopted by numerous individuals and remained prominent throughout a number of subsequent years. Ultimately, however, it cannot be seen as the turning point as the mass support for OConnell was short lived; this was followed by the dormancy of the I.P.P. for many years. Oliver MacDonagh concludes In the end he failed ingloriously two decades later his purposes and techniques had seemed almost to have vanished.  [3]   The Great Famine undeniably altered the course of the relationship between Britain and Ireland. As a consequence of the famine, more radical approaches were employed. Young Ireland, who blamed the British government for the famine, organised the armed rebellion of 1848; the rebellion was, however, a spectacular failure. Yet, it is important to consider the wider context- the famine led to a period of political apathy. As F.S.L. Lyons states the rebellion was totally out of touch with the world of reality  [4]  . The rebellion was significant, therefore, only in the long term: it was a possible inspiration to future successors for the republic to be fought and died for. There was an element of martyrdom, which became increasingly prominent in subsequent years. Of course, it is arguable that this element of martyrdom may have inspired the blood sacrifice, which was evident in the 1916 rising. Yet this is a somewhat romanticised view, it is perhaps more likely that the rebels realis ed that the constitutional methods of Gladstone and Parnell were not working and that nationalism was dying. In this way, it is similar to OConnell demise: there was a simple realisation that constitutional methods were not effective enough in persuading the British Government to enact change; mass opinion was equally crucial. The Great Famine also led to mass emigration with approximately two million immigrating to the USA. This was inevitably sparked by the widespread notion of abandonment towards the British government. Some historians go as far as to conclude that the British governments actions constituted genocide: J.P. Sweeney argues that the government manipulated fate by pushing people to the brink of extinction and turning away so not to hear the wailing  [5]  . The anti-British sentiment spread to the USA and this thus saw the emergence of the Fenians. Indeed, Fenian outrages in 1867, for instance, the incident in Manchester whereby the rebels became known as the Manchester Martyrs, arguably sparked Gladstones mission to pacify Ireland. Moreover, the American connection marked an important step in the growth of Irish-American political and financial support for Irish nationalist movements. Despite the growth of nationalist radicalisation, such groups remained to draw widespread support amongst the Irish population. Parnells Home Rule movement and its subsequent constitutional gains set a precedent for change. His commitment to pursuing constitutional methods was in direct contrast to the illicit methods of the Irish Nationalist Brotherhood, and this enabled Parnell to reach an agreement with the Irish Government. Certainly, Parnell was very effective in distancing himself from the violence that was employed by such groups: the shock Parnell displayed after the Phoenix Murders enabled Parnell to make huge constitutional gains as the government did not regard him as a threat- he made the concept of Home Rule a realistic objective; thus far no one had come close. The eventual failure of Home Rule, however, led to militant radical groups to surface. Nevertheless, Parnell had a profound impact on Anglo-Irish history. Parnell was, remarkably, able to convince a majority of the Irish population that Home Rule was a viable option. Undeniably, as Adelman states he turned the question of Home Rule from a vague ideal into practical politics  [6]  . Moreover, even after his death, the legacy of Parnells Home Rule movement shaped the policies of the Liberals. The introduction of the 1912 Home Rule Bill was, as Patricia Jalland states, arguably the logical consequence of a long-standing commitment  [7]  . It was Parnells Home Rule initiative that initially convinced the Liberals of the need to adopt a policy of Home Rule, and thus the passing of the 1912 Bill can be directly attributed to Parnells earlier constitutional methods. Of course, this went in front of many years of wholly unsuccessful attempts by other Irish Nationalist events; as one historian highlights, a few years previously it was difficult to believe any home rule bill would have had a reasonable chance of becoming law in the present generation  [8]  . The determination to secure Home Rule resulted in militant groups resurfacing. The Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) now directly opposed the equally militant Irish Volunteers. Unionist leaders organised a Solemn League and Covenant, which attracted in excess of 250,000 signatures and pledged to resist the policy of Home Rule by all necessary means. Also, the Curragh Mutiny exposed the sympathy of army officers towards the unionists. Naturally, unionist preparations for an armed revolt triggered similar preparations by the nationalists. The significance of the mutiny lies in the UVFs realisation of the British governments lack of support from the army. In contrast, for the nationalists, the mutiny confirmed their suspicions of Asquiths dithering commitment to Home Rule. Moreover, the lingering prospect of civil war led to a realisation that any future attempt of Home Rule would result in similar conflict. Thus, in a sense, the realisation that civil war may have occurred enabled the Anglo -Irish Treaty of 1921 to work: it ensured the consideration of the partition of Ulster- if this was not considered then the treaty may well have broken down. Whilst this was not a turning point in itself, it did make the possibility of a later settlement a real possibility. The announcement of war in 1914 overshadowed the militancy of most nationalists and unionists. Yet the prospect of a distracted and stretched British government coupled with the recent formation of the Irish Volunteers, convinced the IRB to capitalise on the situation: on Easter Monday 1916, rebels stormed the GPO. The severely harsh punishments the British government subsequently employed sparked a widespread anti-British sentiment amongst the Irish population. It was at this point that the Easter Rising became a turning point. Indeed, within eighteen months, the demise of the I.P.P. was apparent and Sinn Fein came to occupy the place as the prevailing Irish nationalist party. Thus, the Easter Rising can be seen as a turning point as it initiated a stark reversal in public opinion. It is possible to argue that without the rising the fate of Irish politics would have been determined by the rather moderate objectives of Redmonds I.P.P. In essence, if the 1916 Easter Rising had not occ urred Ireland might well have settled for Home Rule as opposed to the more advanced option of Dominion status, which was later secured. As F.S.L. Lyons reaffirms, the whole constitutional movement, in the last analysis, was the chief casualty of 1916.  [9]   The tactics used by the rebels of 1916 also acted as an inspiration to Sinn Fein and the newly found IRA. The Rising led to an era of pursuing direct political or physical action. Certainly, their decision to boycott the Government of Ireland Act 1920 was indicative of Sinn Feins utter contempt towards British rule over Ireland. Additionally, their persistence of new terrorist tactics in the Anglo-Irish War led to the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921. However, it is important to note that ever since Parnells Home Rule Policy there was an increasing element of British sympathy present towards the Irish population. OBrien confirms this notion: Ever since the genius of Parnell compelled Gladstone to propagate the Irish question in England, the English have assumed an attitude of pity and commiseration towards Ireland  [10]  . This was crucial- many historians have argued that it was the pressure from the British public that prompted the prospect of a treaty; as D.G. Boyce writes, it was t he revolt of the British conscience, not the defeat of the British army, that obliged Lloyd George to seek terms of peace and settlement with Sinn Fein  [11]  . Nevertheless, previous events had simply failed to capitalise on this point. The Easter Rising can, therefore, be considered as the turning point as it inspired the IRA to use violence, which would spark a reaction of the British government. This in turn, sparked an outrage in Britain and thus put increased pressure on the British to secure a civilised settlement with Ireland. Of course, the initial reaction to the British Governments punishments in 1916 demonstrated to the IRA Britains propensity to alienate masses of people. In conclusion, the years 1815-1922 saw a multitude of events, which changed the relationship between Britain and Ireland. OConnell saw that Irish welfare became a key element in British politics and his constitutional methods along with his ability to garner mass support remained a prominent method in subsequent years. Yet OConnells later failure coupled with the Great Famine initiated an increasingly radical approach, resulting in Young Irelands 1848 rebellion and Fenian outrages in 1867. Similarly, Parnells initial failure to secure Home Rule led to the surfacing of militant groups. Yet, these events crucially failed to use constitutional methods based on mass support in conjunction with an element of radicalism. It was not until after the Easter Rising of 1916 where both of these methods were employed. The Rising initiated the demise of the I.P.P. and saw the emergence of Sinn Fein and the formation of the Dail Eireann. This was, of course, complemented by the creation of the IRA, which was part of the new philosophy of physical action, which stemmed from the rising. This led to Dominion status being granted to Ireland. Certainly, the notion that the rising led to the more advanced dominion status as opposed to the moderate objective of Home Rule further reiterates that the Easter Rising was the turning point in the long-standing British and Irish question; as McGarry writes the Rising is the defining event of the modern Irish republican tradition  [12]  . Word Count: 2355

Essay --

Why? Why should parents have to worry about sending their child to school everyday? Why should students have to sit in class with thoughts in the back of their head like, what if that were to happen here? Why? The question everyone wants answers to is why do school shootings even happen. There is no single, certain answer to these questions. By finding out why school shooting occur, preventing them will be much easier. 1st Sub-topic: Where and why 60% of school shootings in the US happen in small towns. Research on earlier shootings showed the attack is on a school because that is the center stage in a small town, where the shooter can affect the entire community. School shootings are far more frequent in America than in other countries. Although school shootings seem to be on the rise, school is still considered one of the safest places. In 2012 out of all youth homicides, less than 2% occur at school, and this percentage has been stable for the past decade. In 2010, there were about 828,000 nonfatal injuries at school among students 12 to 18 years old. Deaths resulting from schoo...

The Song of Evils Powerful Domination Essay --

All songs have different morals and people will have different opinions on what their significance means. One of my favorite songs "Step" by Vampire Weekend has great meaning to it. The song is about moving along in life, stepping forward into it and continuing on because you can't go back. My favorite lyric in the song, "Wisdom's a gift, but you'd trade it for youth, age is an honor - it's still not the truth" significes someone againg; becoming wiser and experienced. But they would instead give up what they've learned in order to be young again. It also mentions no guarentee of becoming wiser just because they're againg. Everytime I listen to it, I feel as if I'm learning something I didn't know before which is why it means so much to me. Don't you ever imagine what songs really mean, and how they trigger people's emotions in either a sad, happy, nostalic, etc. way? After reading The Pearl by John Steinbeck I've gotten a new perspective on how songs contribute to situations. I've thought about how The Song of the Family, The Song of Evil and The Song of The Pearl reflected the novel, and came into thinking that The Song of Evil dominated the book. It had many crucial turning points which made conflict rise in order to keep the story at a smooth pace. "Coyotito might die if enough of the poison had got in" (Steinbeck 6). This quote is stating that Kino's son is in danger, leaving the family at risk. When my cousin was battling her cancer there wasn't any medication to make it leave, so all my family did was hope that she'd get better before the situation got worse. "... "So the doctor knew," he said,... for his mind was hard and suspicious and he was remembering the white powder. Juana rocked from side to side and moaned out t... ...ino because he admires it so much. Same with drugs; people who desire them always get the worse in return. Don't you think some things people are passionate about always get an unpleasant outcome? Overall, The Song of Evil overpowered The Song of the Family and The Song of the Pearl. It provided suspension, detail, and conflict in order to keep the story steady. The Song of Evil prevented Kino's wishings, building great structure into the novel. It also appears as if Steinbeck ended the book with a great moral, just like songs tend to have, right? Steinbeck writes on how posessions can take advantage of people; in this case the pearl and Kino. I enjoyed this book because it shows the dark side of things people admire and how they can easily turn their life down. Wealth is able to make someone happy, but may have downsides which leads into living an unpleasant life.

Girl, Interrupted Essay -- essays research papers

Girl, Interrupted Part I: Critical Analysis Author: Susanna Kaysen. Girl, Interrupted: New York Division of Random House. Inc 1993. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the author’s topic? The author’s topic is about a teenager name Susanna Kaysen. At 18 she voluntarily turned herself into McLean Hospital. 2.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identify the author’s main idea(s). In other words, what is the main point the author is attempting to make about the book?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author’s has 2 main points; one point is about her two-year stay McLean hospital. The second main point talks about how she handles and gets treated for being depressive and suicidal. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identify the author’s overall pattern(s) of organization. Give examples and/or details to explain your answer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The pattern the author uses is time order; she starts off the book with her case record, which was submitted in 1967. The last example given is her recovery record; she left and had a recovery of her depression and being suicidal in 1969. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What biases, if any, can you detect from the author’s writing? Give examples and details to support your answer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author isn’t biased about anything, she wasn’t for anything and she wasn’t against anything. Susanna Kaysen was simply trying to find her place in the world through the world of medicine. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is this book mostly concerned with factual information, or does the author use conjecture and opinion to make his/her point? What detail and examples support your answer?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Girl, Interrupted is all factual information. Susanna Kaysen the author has put her reports from the doctors that were helping her in the book. On August 9,1967 the author Susanna Kaysen 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identify the author’s purpose(s) for writing this book. In your opinion, does the author accomplish his/ her purpose? Support your answer with concrete evidence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author’s purpose to the story is to make people notice how people are being treated in a mental institution. Susanna Kaysen writes about the girls in the ward as if nothing is wrong with them. She writes about being in a pschychiatri... ...ok. The girls in the book make up swear words about the weirdest things or how they act if they don’t get something they want. In a way I can relate to that because my mom is just a little bit like some of the girls in the story. If she doesn’t get what she wants she gets mad at the world and it is unnecessary, and that’s for everything. I think that’s just too spoiled. The girl I can most relate to in the story is Polly, because I can see myself listening to everyone and not complaining about anything really in life. But she was also a burn victim that didn’t complain about her face. I’m almost like her, I never once think I’m cute or beautiful, and I don’t complain about anything about my body. I know I have to live with what I have, so what’s the point in complaining about it. One more way I can relate to the story is my cousin is like my cousin she tried to the whole I swallowed this many pill thing. I never got why she did it. She never told me why, on the other hand she had some problems in the past with some things. So maybe that might have been the problem. But she never passed out like Susanna did in the beginning of the book. I’m just glad my cousin didn’t die.

Copper Cycle

The Copper Cycle Most of the background material for this laboratory will be covered in greater detail in the lecture course later in the semester. Here is some background information so you will understand the chemistry behind the reactions you will perform. Many aspects of our lives involve chemical reactions-?from the batteries that power our cars and cell phones to the thousands of processes occurring within our bodies. Most of these reactions can be classified into one of three main types of chemical reactions: precipitation reactions, acid-base naturalization reactions, and oxidation- deduction (also called â€Å"redo†) reactions.Aqueous Solutions(as) Many reactions occur in an aqueous environment (I. E. , in a solution where ions and compounds are dissolved in water). When we indicate that a reactant or product has the physical state (as), we mean the substance is dissolved in water. When an ionic compound is in aqueous solution, the individual ions are present in solut ion; for example, NCAA(as) exists as An+ and CLC- ions moving around in water. Solubility Rules Many ionic compounds are soluble-?I. E. , they dissolve in water.Others generally do not dissolve in water and are considered insoluble. To determine if an ionic compound is soluble-?I. E. , will dissolve-?in water, we use the Solubility Rules: Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds in Water The compound is SOLUBLE if it has: An+, NH 4+ ton (ALWAYS! ) 2. CHICHI-, NON-, CHIC- 3. CLC-, BRB-, or 1-, except compounds with Gag+, BP+2, and Hag+2 are insoluble 4. SASS- except compounds with Saga's, cases, scars, Bases, PBS, and Haggis are insoluble The compound is INSOLUBLE if it has: 5.CHIC-, crack-, IPPP-, except compounds with Lie+, An+, K+, NH+ are soluble 6. SO-, except compounds with Lie+, An+, K+, NH+, ca+2, sir+2, AAA+2 are soluble . Hydroxide ion, OH-, except compounds The Solubility Rules indicate which compounds are soluble, and thus are represented as aqueous: e. G. , Kill(as), Abaca(a s), Noah(as), etc. The Solubility Rules also indicate which compounds are insoluble-?I. E. , do not dissolve in water and remain as solids: e. G. Basso+), Call(s), cacao(s), etc.Double Replacement/Precipitation Reaction For example, consider the reaction between aqueous lead(al) nitrate with aqueous potassium bromide, as shown below: KGB(as) Puff KNEE Note that the chemical formulas for the products formed are based on their charges, to how they appear on the reactant side of the chemical equation. ICC CHEM. 151 AL: The copper cycle O ICC, 2013 page 1 of 12 Based on Solubility Rules #4 and #1, we find that BRB is insoluble and KNEE is soluble.Thus, the complete, balanced equation is: + 2 KGB(as) Pacific) + 2 KNEE(as) We can cancel the spectator ions from the ionic equation and write the net ionic equation: Pub+(as) + 2 BRB -(as) 0 BRB(s) This reaction produces a cloudy mixture with small particles of the solid suspended in the solution. When enough solid has formed, it will begin to settle at the bottom of the beaker. Thus, a clear solution becoming cloudy when another solution is added is often taken as experimental evidence of a solid or precipitate forming.Acids and Bases Acids can be defined as substances that produce hydroxide ions (HUH+) when they are dissolved in water. A hydroxide ion is the product of a hydrogen ion that reacts with a water molecule: H+(as) + H2O(l) 0 HUH+(as). A hydrated hydrogen ion (H+(as)) is equivalent to an aqueous hydroxide ion. The two equations below both represent the unionization of hydrochloric acid, HCI(as), but the second one shows a particular water molecule explicitly. HCI(as) O H+(as) + CLC-(as)HCI(as) + H2O(l) O HUH+(as) + CLC-(as) Acids are usually easy to recognize since their formulas start with H and contains nonmetal elements other than H-?e. G. HCI(as), HON.(as), and HASPS(as) are all acids. Note that the physical state aqueous, (as), must be included to distinguish a compound that is acting like an acid from o ther forms of a substance. For example, the formula â€Å"HCI† can also be used for hydrogen chloride gas, HCI(g), so to indicate aqueous hydrochloric acid, one must specify HCI(as). One useful definition of bases is that bases are compounds that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.The dissociation of sodium hydroxide, Noah, is shown below. : Noah(s) Noah(as) which is equivalent to An+(as) + OH-(as) Acid-Base Naturalization Reactions In an acid-base naturalization reaction, a hydrogen ion-containing acid reacts with a hydromechanics's base to produce water and a salt (an ionic compound): HCI(as) + Noah(as) O acid base H2O(l) + Niacin(as) water salt Acids can react with bases, regardless of whether the salt is soluble or insoluble. There are other types of acids and bases that can react without forming water.If the reactants and products of an acid/base reaction are colorless and soluble, it is impossible to monitor the progress of an acid-base reaction based solely on the appearance of the solutions. To help us monitor acid-base reactions, we use litmus paper to determine if a solution is acidic or basic. Litmus paper changes color depending on the presence of H+ or OH- ions in the substance being tested. Blue litmus paper turns red in acidic solutions containing H+ ions, and red litmus paper turns blue in basic solutions containing OH- ions. Age 2 of 12 Oxidation/Reduction Reactions In an oxidation/reduction reaction, electrons are transferred from one reactant to the other. In the simplest form of these reactions, single-displacement reactions (also called single-replacement reactions), metal ions react with pure metals. If the reaction proceeds, the pure metal gives electrons to the metal action. This causes the pure metal to become a action and the action to become a pure metal. The action must always have an anion partner which is present either in an ionic solid or in a solution.For example: MGM(s) + 2 Gag+(as) 0 2 Gag(s) + MGM+(a s) metal action If the charge of an element is changing, that is a good indication that an oxidation/ reduction reaction is taking place. Later in the semester you will learn about oxidation numbers which are used to keep track of more complicated oxidation/ reduction reactions. Step l: Chemistry The different copper species obtained in each part is shown in Equation 1 below: cue(S) Part I cue+(as) Part II part Ill cue(S) part Part V blue l.Oxidation Copper Metal with Concentrated Nitric Acid, HON.(as) The first step involves transforming Cue metal to copper(al) ions, Cue+, using concentrated nitric acid, HON.(as). At the same time, the nitrate ions (NON-) undergo a series of reactions to form nitrogen monoxide, NO. This product rapidly reacts with oxygen in the air to form NON, a brown gas. The presence of Cue+(as) makes the solution blue. When the reaction mixture is diluted with water, the Cue+ ions are hydrated (surrounded by water) to form the octahedral complex ion, [Cue(H2O)6 ]2+, as shown below.Six water molecules (shown as red O and white H atoms) are bonded to a Cue+ ion (shown in gray as the central atom). Cue+(as) + 6 H2O(l) 0 [Cue(H2O)6]2+(as) Figure 1 page 3 of 12 Step II: Chemistry II. Precipitating Cue(OH)2(s) with Noah(as) In Part II, two reactions are carried out by adding Noah(as). In the first reaction, the hydroxide ions (OH-) from the Noah(as) neutralize the excess hydroxide ions (HUH+) feet over from the previous part: HUH+(as) + OH-(as) 2 H2O(l) Once all the HUH+ ions are neutralized, additional OH- ions react with the Cue+ ion to form Cue(OH)2 precipitate. Once all the Cue+ ions have reacted, no more precipitate forms.Adding more OH- ions makes the solution basic, so it can turn red litmus paper blue. Figure 2 on the next page shows the step-wise reaction of Cue+ with Noah. Figure 2: Step-wise Illustration of the Precipitation of Cue(OH)2 in Part II – Remember: [Cue(H2O)]2+ indicates the same substance as Cue+. 1st Beaker: At the end of Part I, hydrated copper complex, Cue+ are present, making he solution blue, and excess hydroxide ions (HUH+) remain from the nitric acid used. 2nd Beaker: Adding Noah(as) to the blue solution results in the OH- ions neutralizing the HUH+ ions to form water: HUH+(as) + OH-(as) 0 2 H2O(l).The An+ ions and resulting water molecules are not shown. 3rd and 4th Beakers: Once all the HUH+ are neutralized, adding more Noah(as) results in the OH- ions reacting with the Cue+ to form the blue Cue(OH)2(s) precipitate shown at the bottom of the beaker. Water molecules released from the complex ion are not shown. 5th Beaker: When all of the Cue+ ions have been converted to Cue(OH)2(s) precipitate, adding more Noah(as) results in unrelated OH- ions in solution, which makes the solution basic. Red litmus paper can be used to confirm the solution is basic.Note that the solution is no longer blue since no Cue+ ions are present in the solution. Step Ill: Chemistry Ill. Converting solid Cue(OH) 2 to solid Cue In Part Ill of the sequence, the reaction mixture is heated. This transforms the Cue(OH)2 precipitate to Cue precipitate. Page 4 of 12 The Cue precipitate is separated from the solution, called the supernatant liquid, using a method called gravity filtration. The mixture is filtered using a filter funnel, ND the solid is collected on filter paper. The supernatant liquid runs through the filter paper and collects in a beaker.This resulting filtered solution is called the filtrate. Step IV: Chemistry ‘V. Dissolving Cue(s) with sulfuric acid, HASPS(as) In Part ‘V, the Cue precipitate is dissolved using sulfuric acid, HASPS(as). This redo reaction returns copper to its aqueous phase. Step V: Chemistry V. Reducing Cue+ ions with Zinc Metal In Part V, zinc metal (Zen) is added to the copper solution to convert the copper ions back to copper metal, Cue(s). The resulting solution will contain colorless zinc ions, Zen+(as) and copper solid. Visible evidence of this reaction is observed as bubbles of gas being released from the solution. Since the HUH+ ions do not dissolve the Cue metal, the amount of copper yielded is not affected by excess acid. ) Identify the gas displaced from the acid in this reaction. When the solution becomes colorless, all of the Cue+ ions have been converted to Cue metal. All of the excess Zen metal is also converted to Zen+ ion by the excess HUH+ ions from the sulfuric acid, HASPS(subdued to dissolve the Cue precipitate in Part IV. Once all the Zen metal is dissolved, the Cue metal can be isolated by decanting, or pouring off, the supernatant liquid. The Cue will then be rinsed, dried, and weighed as described in the procedure. Age 5 of 12 In this experiment, you will carry out a series of reactions starting with copper metal. This will give you practice handling chemical reagents and making observations. It is typical for scientists to observe materials before they react, what happens during a reaction and how it lo oks when the reaction has come to completion. The product of the final reaction will be copper metal and the percent copper that is recovered will be calculated. **Lab Notebook** You should include one table that contains the mass of copper at the beginning and ND of the experiment along with % of copper recovered.This table should include: Mass of copper at the start of experiment (in Part l) Mass of copper + evaporating dish (from Part V) Mass of empty evaporating dish (from Part V) Mass of copper recovered (from Part V) Percent of copper recovered Record observations for each of the steps (I-V) of the copper cycle in your lab book. Be sure to label each step (I-V). The observations for each step should include: the appearance of the reactants before the reaction the appearance of the reactants during the reaction (for example, bubbles, flames, etc. The appearance of the products after the reaction.Your observations should include state(s) of matter, color, texture, smell, etc. Wh ere applicable. If your observations are not detailed, you may not receive full credit. One step also requires a specific chemical test using litmus paper to check for acidity. Be sure to also record the results of these tests in your lab notebook. **You will turn in worksheet pages 11-12 along with the duplicate pages from your lab notebook. Step l: Procedure – Oxidation Cue with concentrated nitric acid, HON.(as) 1 . Place a sample of weighing paper in the balance. Tare the balance, so it reads 0. 0000 g. Use forceps to transfer about 0. 5-0. 40 g of Cue strips onto the weighing paper. Record the mass of the Cue strips. Transfer the Cue strips into a clean 250-ml beaker labeled with one of your group member's initials. Record the appearance of the copper metal in your lab report. CAUTION: Concentrated nitric acid is highly corrosive, so it can cause severe chemical burns and damage clothing. Handle with care and avoid breathing the fumes. Any nitric acid spilled on skin mus t be rinsed immediately with water for 15 minutes. Any acid spilled on your work area must be neutralized then the entire rear should be washed and dried.CAUTION: Concentrated nitric acid reacts with copper metal to form brown toxic NON gas. Leave the reaction beaker in the fume hood until all of the brown gas is vented in the hood. ICC CHEM. 151 AL: The Copper Cycle page 6 of 12 2. In a fume hood, use a 10-ml graduated cylinder to carefully measure about 3 ml of concentrated nitric acid, HON.(as). Slowly pour the nitric acid onto the Cue strips in the beaker, swirling the beaker to maximize contact between the Cue and nitric acid until all of the solid Cue has dissolved and the NON gas has escaped.Keep the action beaker in the hood until all the toxic brown NON gas is gone, and keep your face away from the hood to avoid inhaling nitric acid fumes and NON gas. Describe the reaction between HON. and the Cue metal in your lab report. 3. Dilute the resulting solution with about 10 ml o f denizen water. Describe the appearance of the resulting solution containing Cue+ in your data table. Step II: Chemistry – Precipitating Cue(OH)2(s) with Noah(as) left over from the previous part. Once all the HUH+ ions are neutralized, additional OH- ions react with the Cue+ complex ion to form a gelatinous blue Cue(OH)2 precipitate.Once all the Cue+ ions have reacted, no more precipitate forms. Adding more OH- ions makes the solution basic, so it can turn red litmus paper blue. The picture sequence on the next page outlines the step-by-step process that occurs during this step. Step II: Procedure – Precipitating Cue(OH)2 with Noah solution CAUTION: Sodium hydroxide (Noah) can easily damage eyes. It is corrosive and can cause chemical burns and damage clothing. Any Noah splashed into eyes or spilled on skin must be rinsed immediately with water for 15 minutes. Any base spilled on your work area must be neutralized then the entire area should be washed and dried. Whil e constantly stirring the Cue solution, slowly add MM Noah(as) from the dropper bottles. First, the OH- from the Noah added will neutralize the excess acid left over from Part l. 2. Once all the acid is neutralized, additional OH- ions react with the Cue+ to form Cue(OH)2(s), a blue precipitate. Record what you observe in your lab report. When adding more Noah does not produce more precipitate, the solution can be tested to determine if all the Cue+ has been precipitated and additional OH- has made the solution basic. Use red litmus paper to test if the solution is basic as follows.Without stubbing any precipitate, use a glass stir rod to place a drop of solution (NOT the precipitate) on a piece of red litmus paper. If it turns blue, the solution is basic. Stop adding Noah when the solution turns red litmus paper blue. Describe your litmus test in your lab report. Page 7 of 12 Step-wise Illustration of the Precipitation of part II 1st Beaker: Check solution using red litmus paper (r efer to background handout). Continue adding base until solution is basic. At the end of Part I Cue+ ions are present, making the solution blue, and excess hydroxide ions (HUH+) remain from the nitric acid used. D Beaker: Adding Noah(as) to the blue solution results in the OH- ions ions are not shown. 3rd and 4th Beakers: 5th Beaker: Once all the HUH+ are neutralized, adding more Noah(as) results in the OH- ions reacting with the Cue+ to form the blue Cue(OH)2(s) precipitate shown at the bottom of the beaker. When all of the Cue+ ions have been converted to Cue(OH)2(s) precipitate, adding more Noah(as) results in unrelated OH- ions in solution, which makes the solution basic. Red litmus paper can be used to confirm the solution is basic. Note that the solution is no longer blue since no Cue+ ions are present in the solution.In reality, your solution may still appear blue because of the dispersion of the Cue(OH)2 in the solution by mixing. Step Ill: Procedure – Converting Cue( OH)2(s) to Cue(s) 1. Set up a ring stand as shown in the figure at the right. Set up a ring clamp, and put a wire gauze on top of it. Above it, attach another ring clamp with a diameter large enough to go around a 250-ml beaker. You are going to set your 250 ml beaker on the lower ring and gauze. The upper clamp will hold the beaker in place so it does not fall. 2. Add about 30-40 ml of denizen water to your reaction beaker from Part II.Carefully place the beaker on the ring stand inside the upper ring. CAUTION: Gently heat the beaker over a medium flame. (Set the inner cone of the Bunsen burner flame to a height of about 1. 5 inch and the lower ring stand about 4 inches above the top of the Bunsen burner). Constantly stir the solution with the glass end of the stirring rod until all the blue precipitate turns black, and the solution is clear. If the solution starts to bump or boil, immediately remove the beaker from the heat and let the solution cool slightly. Describe what happens to the Cue(OH)2 precipitate upon heating in your lab port. Age 8 of 12 3. Allow the beaker and contents to cool. While they are cooling, set up the gravity filtration apparatus. Obtain a second ring stand, and attach a ring clamp that is small enough to hold the plastic funnel. Prepare the filter paper as shown below: Finally, place the plastic funnel in the small ring clamp, and place a 400-ml beaker beneath it to collect the filtrate (the liquid that goes through the filter paper). The funnel's stem should be Just inside the beaker to prevent splashing. 4. Use the markings on a clean 150-ml beaker to measure out about 25 ml of denizen water.Boil the water on a hotplate to wash the precipitate in step 6. 5. When the 250-ml reaction beaker has cooled to room temperature, pour the Cue precipitate into the funnel to filter the contents. Transfer the last traces of the solid from the reaction beaker into the funnel, using a stream of denizen water. 6. Use a disposable pipette to wash the precipitate on the filter paper using the hot denizen water heated in the 150-ml beaker. Allow each portion of hot water to drain through the filter paper into the beaker below before adding the next portion. Use 15 ml of the hot denizen water to thoroughly wash the Cue precipitate. Copper Cycle CH 130 B: General Chemistry I The Lab Report As a scientist you are responsible for conveying the results of an experiment to a supervisor, a colleague, or the public. Often, you will convey this information in the form of a scientific paper describing your work. This paper needs to clearly describe why and how an experiment was done, and it must include an interpretation of results, including a discussion of their importance and any significant sources of error. You lab report will be a brief version of a publication.It should contain the following sections: Introduction This part of the paper should be an explanation of the purpose of the experiments and a review of relevant principles related to the work. This is NOT a procedure. Data and Calculations Attach your graded summary sheet from the experiment. If you did any calculations incorrectly, attach a sheet with correct calculations. In addition to the summary sheet include a table which details observations and known informatio n. What did the solutions look like, what were their concentrations, etc.?Results and Discussion This part of the report should include an in-depth discussion of your data and observations, in essay form. Again, do not rewrite a detailed procedure here, but summarize what you did in the experiment. Describe what you observed. What do your results tell you? Explain whether your results matched your expected results. If they didn’t (and they surely didn’t match exactly) discuss the reasons why this might be the case. What are the possible sources of error?How would each of these sources of error affect the result? Convince yourself and your reader that you are correct in your conclusions. Reiterate your data in relation to your conclusions. You should be able to explain the chemistry that is occurring in the experiment. Please remember the basic principles of writing. Your lab report must be mechanically correct (grammar and punctuation). It is your responsibility to che ck your grammar and spelling. You will be graded on this. How is a lab report different than an English paper? Lab reports are written in third person, passive, past tense. †¢ The rough draft and final draft can be double-sided, but they must be double-spaced. †¢ Lab reports use simple, declarative sentences that connect observations to conclusions. †¢ The simplest way to say something is often the best. There is no page or word requirement. Say what you have to say so that your reader understands. Common mistakes to avoid: †¢ Try not to start your introduction with â€Å"the purpose of this experiment† or a similar phrase. Compounds/elements are not proper nouns. Do not capitalize them. †¢ Use superscripts and subscripts. †¢ Proofread!! This lab report should be approximately 2 pages long. You will all write the lab report for the same experiment. The experiment is labeled on your schedule as â€Å"Cu Cycle. † A completed rough draft of y our lab report is due on (or before) October 22. The rough draft will be counted as half of the total grade for the paper. The final draft of your report will be due on November 26 in class. Copper Cycle The Copper Cycle Most of the background material for this laboratory will be covered in greater detail in the lecture course later in the semester. Here is some background information so you will understand the chemistry behind the reactions you will perform. Many aspects of our lives involve chemical reactions-?from the batteries that power our cars and cell phones to the thousands of processes occurring within our bodies. Most of these reactions can be classified into one of three main types of chemical reactions: precipitation reactions, acid-base naturalization reactions, and oxidation- deduction (also called â€Å"redo†) reactions.Aqueous Solutions(as) Many reactions occur in an aqueous environment (I. E. , in a solution where ions and compounds are dissolved in water). When we indicate that a reactant or product has the physical state (as), we mean the substance is dissolved in water. When an ionic compound is in aqueous solution, the individual ions are present in solut ion; for example, NCAA(as) exists as An+ and CLC- ions moving around in water. Solubility Rules Many ionic compounds are soluble-?I. E. , they dissolve in water.Others generally do not dissolve in water and are considered insoluble. To determine if an ionic compound is soluble-?I. E. , will dissolve-?in water, we use the Solubility Rules: Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds in Water The compound is SOLUBLE if it has: An+, NH 4+ ton (ALWAYS! ) 2. CHICHI-, NON-, CHIC- 3. CLC-, BRB-, or 1-, except compounds with Gag+, BP+2, and Hag+2 are insoluble 4. SASS- except compounds with Saga's, cases, scars, Bases, PBS, and Haggis are insoluble The compound is INSOLUBLE if it has: 5.CHIC-, crack-, IPPP-, except compounds with Lie+, An+, K+, NH+ are soluble 6. SO-, except compounds with Lie+, An+, K+, NH+, ca+2, sir+2, AAA+2 are soluble . Hydroxide ion, OH-, except compounds The Solubility Rules indicate which compounds are soluble, and thus are represented as aqueous: e. G. , Kill(as), Abaca(a s), Noah(as), etc. The Solubility Rules also indicate which compounds are insoluble-?I. E. , do not dissolve in water and remain as solids: e. G. Basso+), Call(s), cacao(s), etc.Double Replacement/Precipitation Reaction For example, consider the reaction between aqueous lead(al) nitrate with aqueous potassium bromide, as shown below: KGB(as) Puff KNEE Note that the chemical formulas for the products formed are based on their charges, to how they appear on the reactant side of the chemical equation. ICC CHEM. 151 AL: The copper cycle O ICC, 2013 page 1 of 12 Based on Solubility Rules #4 and #1, we find that BRB is insoluble and KNEE is soluble.Thus, the complete, balanced equation is: + 2 KGB(as) Pacific) + 2 KNEE(as) We can cancel the spectator ions from the ionic equation and write the net ionic equation: Pub+(as) + 2 BRB -(as) 0 BRB(s) This reaction produces a cloudy mixture with small particles of the solid suspended in the solution. When enough solid has formed, it will begin to settle at the bottom of the beaker. Thus, a clear solution becoming cloudy when another solution is added is often taken as experimental evidence of a solid or precipitate forming.Acids and Bases Acids can be defined as substances that produce hydroxide ions (HUH+) when they are dissolved in water. A hydroxide ion is the product of a hydrogen ion that reacts with a water molecule: H+(as) + H2O(l) 0 HUH+(as). A hydrated hydrogen ion (H+(as)) is equivalent to an aqueous hydroxide ion. The two equations below both represent the unionization of hydrochloric acid, HCI(as), but the second one shows a particular water molecule explicitly. HCI(as) O H+(as) + CLC-(as)HCI(as) + H2O(l) O HUH+(as) + CLC-(as) Acids are usually easy to recognize since their formulas start with H and contains nonmetal elements other than H-?e. G. HCI(as), HON.(as), and HASPS(as) are all acids. Note that the physical state aqueous, (as), must be included to distinguish a compound that is acting like an acid from o ther forms of a substance. For example, the formula â€Å"HCI† can also be used for hydrogen chloride gas, HCI(g), so to indicate aqueous hydrochloric acid, one must specify HCI(as). One useful definition of bases is that bases are compounds that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.The dissociation of sodium hydroxide, Noah, is shown below. : Noah(s) Noah(as) which is equivalent to An+(as) + OH-(as) Acid-Base Naturalization Reactions In an acid-base naturalization reaction, a hydrogen ion-containing acid reacts with a hydromechanics's base to produce water and a salt (an ionic compound): HCI(as) + Noah(as) O acid base H2O(l) + Niacin(as) water salt Acids can react with bases, regardless of whether the salt is soluble or insoluble. There are other types of acids and bases that can react without forming water.If the reactants and products of an acid/base reaction are colorless and soluble, it is impossible to monitor the progress of an acid-base reaction based solely on the appearance of the solutions. To help us monitor acid-base reactions, we use litmus paper to determine if a solution is acidic or basic. Litmus paper changes color depending on the presence of H+ or OH- ions in the substance being tested. Blue litmus paper turns red in acidic solutions containing H+ ions, and red litmus paper turns blue in basic solutions containing OH- ions. Age 2 of 12 Oxidation/Reduction Reactions In an oxidation/reduction reaction, electrons are transferred from one reactant to the other. In the simplest form of these reactions, single-displacement reactions (also called single-replacement reactions), metal ions react with pure metals. If the reaction proceeds, the pure metal gives electrons to the metal action. This causes the pure metal to become a action and the action to become a pure metal. The action must always have an anion partner which is present either in an ionic solid or in a solution.For example: MGM(s) + 2 Gag+(as) 0 2 Gag(s) + MGM+(a s) metal action If the charge of an element is changing, that is a good indication that an oxidation/ reduction reaction is taking place. Later in the semester you will learn about oxidation numbers which are used to keep track of more complicated oxidation/ reduction reactions. Step l: Chemistry The different copper species obtained in each part is shown in Equation 1 below: cue(S) Part I cue+(as) Part II part Ill cue(S) part Part V blue l.Oxidation Copper Metal with Concentrated Nitric Acid, HON.(as) The first step involves transforming Cue metal to copper(al) ions, Cue+, using concentrated nitric acid, HON.(as). At the same time, the nitrate ions (NON-) undergo a series of reactions to form nitrogen monoxide, NO. This product rapidly reacts with oxygen in the air to form NON, a brown gas. The presence of Cue+(as) makes the solution blue. When the reaction mixture is diluted with water, the Cue+ ions are hydrated (surrounded by water) to form the octahedral complex ion, [Cue(H2O)6 ]2+, as shown below.Six water molecules (shown as red O and white H atoms) are bonded to a Cue+ ion (shown in gray as the central atom). Cue+(as) + 6 H2O(l) 0 [Cue(H2O)6]2+(as) Figure 1 page 3 of 12 Step II: Chemistry II. Precipitating Cue(OH)2(s) with Noah(as) In Part II, two reactions are carried out by adding Noah(as). In the first reaction, the hydroxide ions (OH-) from the Noah(as) neutralize the excess hydroxide ions (HUH+) feet over from the previous part: HUH+(as) + OH-(as) 2 H2O(l) Once all the HUH+ ions are neutralized, additional OH- ions react with the Cue+ ion to form Cue(OH)2 precipitate. Once all the Cue+ ions have reacted, no more precipitate forms.Adding more OH- ions makes the solution basic, so it can turn red litmus paper blue. Figure 2 on the next page shows the step-wise reaction of Cue+ with Noah. Figure 2: Step-wise Illustration of the Precipitation of Cue(OH)2 in Part II – Remember: [Cue(H2O)]2+ indicates the same substance as Cue+. 1st Beaker: At the end of Part I, hydrated copper complex, Cue+ are present, making he solution blue, and excess hydroxide ions (HUH+) remain from the nitric acid used. 2nd Beaker: Adding Noah(as) to the blue solution results in the OH- ions neutralizing the HUH+ ions to form water: HUH+(as) + OH-(as) 0 2 H2O(l).The An+ ions and resulting water molecules are not shown. 3rd and 4th Beakers: Once all the HUH+ are neutralized, adding more Noah(as) results in the OH- ions reacting with the Cue+ to form the blue Cue(OH)2(s) precipitate shown at the bottom of the beaker. Water molecules released from the complex ion are not shown. 5th Beaker: When all of the Cue+ ions have been converted to Cue(OH)2(s) precipitate, adding more Noah(as) results in unrelated OH- ions in solution, which makes the solution basic. Red litmus paper can be used to confirm the solution is basic.Note that the solution is no longer blue since no Cue+ ions are present in the solution. Step Ill: Chemistry Ill. Converting solid Cue(OH) 2 to solid Cue In Part Ill of the sequence, the reaction mixture is heated. This transforms the Cue(OH)2 precipitate to Cue precipitate. Page 4 of 12 The Cue precipitate is separated from the solution, called the supernatant liquid, using a method called gravity filtration. The mixture is filtered using a filter funnel, ND the solid is collected on filter paper. The supernatant liquid runs through the filter paper and collects in a beaker.This resulting filtered solution is called the filtrate. Step IV: Chemistry ‘V. Dissolving Cue(s) with sulfuric acid, HASPS(as) In Part ‘V, the Cue precipitate is dissolved using sulfuric acid, HASPS(as). This redo reaction returns copper to its aqueous phase. Step V: Chemistry V. Reducing Cue+ ions with Zinc Metal In Part V, zinc metal (Zen) is added to the copper solution to convert the copper ions back to copper metal, Cue(s). The resulting solution will contain colorless zinc ions, Zen+(as) and copper solid. Visible evidence of this reaction is observed as bubbles of gas being released from the solution. Since the HUH+ ions do not dissolve the Cue metal, the amount of copper yielded is not affected by excess acid. ) Identify the gas displaced from the acid in this reaction. When the solution becomes colorless, all of the Cue+ ions have been converted to Cue metal. All of the excess Zen metal is also converted to Zen+ ion by the excess HUH+ ions from the sulfuric acid, HASPS(subdued to dissolve the Cue precipitate in Part IV. Once all the Zen metal is dissolved, the Cue metal can be isolated by decanting, or pouring off, the supernatant liquid. The Cue will then be rinsed, dried, and weighed as described in the procedure. Age 5 of 12 In this experiment, you will carry out a series of reactions starting with copper metal. This will give you practice handling chemical reagents and making observations. It is typical for scientists to observe materials before they react, what happens during a reaction and how it lo oks when the reaction has come to completion. The product of the final reaction will be copper metal and the percent copper that is recovered will be calculated. **Lab Notebook** You should include one table that contains the mass of copper at the beginning and ND of the experiment along with % of copper recovered.This table should include: Mass of copper at the start of experiment (in Part l) Mass of copper + evaporating dish (from Part V) Mass of empty evaporating dish (from Part V) Mass of copper recovered (from Part V) Percent of copper recovered Record observations for each of the steps (I-V) of the copper cycle in your lab book. Be sure to label each step (I-V). The observations for each step should include: the appearance of the reactants before the reaction the appearance of the reactants during the reaction (for example, bubbles, flames, etc. The appearance of the products after the reaction.Your observations should include state(s) of matter, color, texture, smell, etc. Wh ere applicable. If your observations are not detailed, you may not receive full credit. One step also requires a specific chemical test using litmus paper to check for acidity. Be sure to also record the results of these tests in your lab notebook. **You will turn in worksheet pages 11-12 along with the duplicate pages from your lab notebook. Step l: Procedure – Oxidation Cue with concentrated nitric acid, HON.(as) 1 . Place a sample of weighing paper in the balance. Tare the balance, so it reads 0. 0000 g. Use forceps to transfer about 0. 5-0. 40 g of Cue strips onto the weighing paper. Record the mass of the Cue strips. Transfer the Cue strips into a clean 250-ml beaker labeled with one of your group member's initials. Record the appearance of the copper metal in your lab report. CAUTION: Concentrated nitric acid is highly corrosive, so it can cause severe chemical burns and damage clothing. Handle with care and avoid breathing the fumes. Any nitric acid spilled on skin mus t be rinsed immediately with water for 15 minutes. Any acid spilled on your work area must be neutralized then the entire rear should be washed and dried.CAUTION: Concentrated nitric acid reacts with copper metal to form brown toxic NON gas. Leave the reaction beaker in the fume hood until all of the brown gas is vented in the hood. ICC CHEM. 151 AL: The Copper Cycle page 6 of 12 2. In a fume hood, use a 10-ml graduated cylinder to carefully measure about 3 ml of concentrated nitric acid, HON.(as). Slowly pour the nitric acid onto the Cue strips in the beaker, swirling the beaker to maximize contact between the Cue and nitric acid until all of the solid Cue has dissolved and the NON gas has escaped.Keep the action beaker in the hood until all the toxic brown NON gas is gone, and keep your face away from the hood to avoid inhaling nitric acid fumes and NON gas. Describe the reaction between HON. and the Cue metal in your lab report. 3. Dilute the resulting solution with about 10 ml o f denizen water. Describe the appearance of the resulting solution containing Cue+ in your data table. Step II: Chemistry – Precipitating Cue(OH)2(s) with Noah(as) left over from the previous part. Once all the HUH+ ions are neutralized, additional OH- ions react with the Cue+ complex ion to form a gelatinous blue Cue(OH)2 precipitate.Once all the Cue+ ions have reacted, no more precipitate forms. Adding more OH- ions makes the solution basic, so it can turn red litmus paper blue. The picture sequence on the next page outlines the step-by-step process that occurs during this step. Step II: Procedure – Precipitating Cue(OH)2 with Noah solution CAUTION: Sodium hydroxide (Noah) can easily damage eyes. It is corrosive and can cause chemical burns and damage clothing. Any Noah splashed into eyes or spilled on skin must be rinsed immediately with water for 15 minutes. Any base spilled on your work area must be neutralized then the entire area should be washed and dried. Whil e constantly stirring the Cue solution, slowly add MM Noah(as) from the dropper bottles. First, the OH- from the Noah added will neutralize the excess acid left over from Part l. 2. Once all the acid is neutralized, additional OH- ions react with the Cue+ to form Cue(OH)2(s), a blue precipitate. Record what you observe in your lab report. When adding more Noah does not produce more precipitate, the solution can be tested to determine if all the Cue+ has been precipitated and additional OH- has made the solution basic. Use red litmus paper to test if the solution is basic as follows.Without stubbing any precipitate, use a glass stir rod to place a drop of solution (NOT the precipitate) on a piece of red litmus paper. If it turns blue, the solution is basic. Stop adding Noah when the solution turns red litmus paper blue. Describe your litmus test in your lab report. Page 7 of 12 Step-wise Illustration of the Precipitation of part II 1st Beaker: Check solution using red litmus paper (r efer to background handout). Continue adding base until solution is basic. At the end of Part I Cue+ ions are present, making the solution blue, and excess hydroxide ions (HUH+) remain from the nitric acid used. D Beaker: Adding Noah(as) to the blue solution results in the OH- ions ions are not shown. 3rd and 4th Beakers: 5th Beaker: Once all the HUH+ are neutralized, adding more Noah(as) results in the OH- ions reacting with the Cue+ to form the blue Cue(OH)2(s) precipitate shown at the bottom of the beaker. When all of the Cue+ ions have been converted to Cue(OH)2(s) precipitate, adding more Noah(as) results in unrelated OH- ions in solution, which makes the solution basic. Red litmus paper can be used to confirm the solution is basic. Note that the solution is no longer blue since no Cue+ ions are present in the solution.In reality, your solution may still appear blue because of the dispersion of the Cue(OH)2 in the solution by mixing. Step Ill: Procedure – Converting Cue( OH)2(s) to Cue(s) 1. Set up a ring stand as shown in the figure at the right. Set up a ring clamp, and put a wire gauze on top of it. Above it, attach another ring clamp with a diameter large enough to go around a 250-ml beaker. You are going to set your 250 ml beaker on the lower ring and gauze. The upper clamp will hold the beaker in place so it does not fall. 2. Add about 30-40 ml of denizen water to your reaction beaker from Part II.Carefully place the beaker on the ring stand inside the upper ring. CAUTION: Gently heat the beaker over a medium flame. (Set the inner cone of the Bunsen burner flame to a height of about 1. 5 inch and the lower ring stand about 4 inches above the top of the Bunsen burner). Constantly stir the solution with the glass end of the stirring rod until all the blue precipitate turns black, and the solution is clear. If the solution starts to bump or boil, immediately remove the beaker from the heat and let the solution cool slightly. Describe what happens to the Cue(OH)2 precipitate upon heating in your lab port. Age 8 of 12 3. Allow the beaker and contents to cool. While they are cooling, set up the gravity filtration apparatus. Obtain a second ring stand, and attach a ring clamp that is small enough to hold the plastic funnel. Prepare the filter paper as shown below: Finally, place the plastic funnel in the small ring clamp, and place a 400-ml beaker beneath it to collect the filtrate (the liquid that goes through the filter paper). The funnel's stem should be Just inside the beaker to prevent splashing. 4. Use the markings on a clean 150-ml beaker to measure out about 25 ml of denizen water.Boil the water on a hotplate to wash the precipitate in step 6. 5. When the 250-ml reaction beaker has cooled to room temperature, pour the Cue precipitate into the funnel to filter the contents. Transfer the last traces of the solid from the reaction beaker into the funnel, using a stream of denizen water. 6. Use a disposable pipette to wash the precipitate on the filter paper using the hot denizen water heated in the 150-ml beaker. Allow each portion of hot water to drain through the filter paper into the beaker below before adding the next portion. Use 15 ml of the hot denizen water to thoroughly wash the Cue precipitate.